Analysis of a Scene from Luhrmanns Production of Romeo...

Analysis of a Scene from Luhrmanns Production of Romeo and Juliet It seems interesting at first that Baz Luhrmann should choose to rework Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet into a modern movie. However, when you think about the aims of a modern film-maker such as wanting to really affect the audience and create a series of moving and powerful images shot through with dialogue, then it is less surprising that Romeo and Juliet was Luhrmanns choice. Shakespeares play is filled with emotion and suspense, so had limitless potential to be made into a great movie. Luhrmann adapted the play for the big screen very effectively, managing to portray the emotion of the film using visual storytelling techniques†¦show more content†¦While it is still religious, it is quieter and while seeming more innocent and childlike, still has a spookiness to it due to the voices of what sound like young choir singers. Perhaps Luhrmann wanted to show how innocent Juliet was in the midst of this fight and by playing softer, more angelic music he feels he can portray th is. By making a link between the shots in the scene in that the music still sounds religious and not quite comfortable, he is showing that Juliet will be involved in the consequences of the actions of Romeo and Tybalt. On the other side of this quiet shot is the pounding sound of electronic music blasting out as Romeo speeds in his car towards Tybalt. This heightens the sense of the metallic crash as the cars crush into each other and the viewer knows to associate this loud music with something bad about to unravel. Luhrmann uses silences effectively in this scene and the most poignant one is when Romeo has just shot Tybalt and there is silence until we hear the chink of the metal gun hit the floor then further silence. Luhrmann is showing Romeo contemplate with disbelief and shock what he has just done and the viewer realises that that action is a turning point in the play as it is accentuated so much. The wind and music pick up as the rain breaks and as Romeo leaves the scene before there is another crescendo, there is a sense ofShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesAubrey Bryan. In Romeo and Juliet. Drama for Students. Encyclopedia.com. Web. 04 June 2017. 1. Encyclopedia.com is an online encyclopedia that provides free information, articles, or references from various credible sources such as Oxford University Press and Columbia Encyclopedia. This online encyclopedia does not let anyone rewrite references or information which is what gives this site its credibility, as they make sure information is accurate before publishing. 2. On this online encyclopediaRead MoreAnalysis of Baz Luhrmanns Use of Cinematic Devices in the Opening Scenes of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet2183 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Baz Luhrmanns Use of Cinematic Devices in the Opening Scenes of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Baz Luhrmanns 1997 film version of Romeo and Juliet is updated to the modern age while still retaining the original dialogue. The opening shots are unusual but highly affective. Luhrmann starts off with a static long shot focusing on a TV inRead MoreThea 1016562 Words   |  27 PagesFinal Project Part1: Directorial Vision Statement The piece that I selected for this formal treatment is Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. I select this for a couple of reasons that are listed as the following. First of all, Romeo and Juliet is so famous and popular all around the world, and the two main characters—Romeo and Juliet are so well-known that even people who have no idea about theatre or the original piece of work know they are tragic lovers whose families resented each other

The Importance Of Teaching Critical Thinking Skills

variety in the presentation of lessons. It also lends itself well to preparing for mandated testing. TEACHING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN THE CLASSROOM 3 Teaching Critical-Thinking Skills in the Classroom When a person speaks of being â€Å"critical† today, it is often thought of as a negative thing. What many people don’t realize is that thinking critically is how we determine right from wrong, or something as simple as which fruit to purchase at the supermarket. We draw upon what we know and compare that to what is in order to make a decision. Students often lack critical-thinking skills and generally avoid having to do any â€Å"hard† thinking. We, as teachers, must present them with opportunities to develop their critical-thinking skills, so that thinking critically will become second nature to each student. One of the primary goals of the concept attainment strategy of teaching is to improve students’ critical-thinking skills. The concept attainment strategy asks students to draw on prior knowledge to make hypotheses about given sets of data (Eggers, Kauchak, 1996, p. 160). â€Å"The teacher tri es to get students to learn how to label, categorize, interpret data, explore relationships, identify critical relationships, make inferences, apply concepts, predict outcomes and explain reasoning† (â€Å"Concept attainment model,† 2015). The teacher will present the students with examples and non-examples of a concept and the students will make hypotheses as toShow MoreRelatedThe purpose of education is being debated for many years. Many ideas and theories have been1100 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific approaches in education. First one is the approach of teaching how to think and the other one is the approach of teaching what to think. In my opinion, education teach people how to think rather than what to think because this approach increases the awareness of questioning, improves thinking skills, enhances creativity and broadens humans point of view. Questioning is the fundamental component of the approach of teaching how to think and significantly improves mental developmentRead MoreEssay on Critical Thinking1261 Words   |  6 Pages The concepts of critical thinking and creative thinking are both gaining increasing importance in the world today. Critical thinking allows people to understand difficult concepts in a manner that is clearer and more defined. They can more readily understand those concepts if they employ critical thinking. In all portions of everyday life, a person is expected to make independent judgments. Those judgments are based on experience and knowledge. Without the ability to think critically, everyRead MoreThe Problem And It s Background Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesdecision making makes the teachers a good agent of learning to students and good decision making makes the teachers more effective in teaching-learning processes. We often think before we decide. Although in some cases, we make snap decisions maybe because of factors that affect our abilities to decide on a choice. Likewise, if we encountered a problem in teaching whereas the solution is a making a decision that can someh ow affect you and your students but because of a factor, like time constraintsRead MoreImproving Reading Comprehension and Critical Thinking Skills in Middle School Students1566 Words   |  7 Pagesand eighth grade reading classes can be taken as an elective class. I strongly feel that all students in middle school still need guidance and continuous practice with reading comprehension and critical thinking skills. Students who are beyond a sixth grade reading class are not getting these reading skills that can be applied in all other academic classes. As a teacher I can not change the fact that the school principal has decided that students in seventh and eighth grade are not required to takeRead MoreCritical Thinking And Teaching Methods1648 Words   |  7 Pages but rather accept it and move on. Critical thinking and efficient teaching methods have been suppressed in the current U.S. educational system, and the U.S. is suffering: once one of the front runners in education, th e U.S. has fallen to twenty-seventh place according to the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Ironically, the definition of critical thinking, an often-used pedagogical term, requires the process of critical thinking, criticism, and debate, as the definitionRead MoreReview Of Look At Your Fish 987 Words   |  4 PagesEducations role in developing creative and critical thinking places a valuable and beneficial skill for students thought process. Because of educations appreciation to teach on creativity and critical thinking, the three articles give you great examples and insight on critical thinking and creativity. In Laura Pappano’s test â€Å"Learning to Think Outside the Box†, she informs her audience that her main argument states that creativity and creative thinking can be very so taught, and colleges from allRead MoreCritical Thinking Application Essay example1049 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking Application Teaching higher order thinking skills is not a recent need. It is apparent that students, at all levels of education, are lagging in problem-solving and thinking skills. Fragmentation of thinking skills, however, may be the result of critical thinking courses and texts. Every course, especially in content subjects, students should be taught to think logically, analyze and compare, question and evaluate. Implications for Teaching Thinking must be practiced inRead MoreClassroom Is Not The Classroom Of Yesterday1050 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility to prepare students for the demands of an ever-changing world, through facilitating learning in a technology rich environment, where students and teachers don’t just learn about technology, they use it to achieve powerful learning and teaching and improve student learning outcomes. The challenge is to create engaging, supportive learning environments and opportunities that stimulate, extend and deepen student learning. These environments should incorporate seamless use of technologiesRead MoreCritical Thinking And Problem Solving Skills1648 Words   |  7 PagesCritical thinking and problem solving skills have epitomised education throughout history. As time has passed; the education system has become increasingly complex with the integration of learning theories, pedagogies, transformative learning spaces, behavioural management and most importantly; th e evolution and role of technology. Learners within the 21st Century are experiencing an education where they are taught to collaboratively communicate and construct new understandings, while acquiring higherRead MoreThe Components Of Critical Thinking1330 Words   |  6 Pages According to The Critical Thinking Community website, critical thinking is defined as the ability to consider and to analyze information in an unbiased manner in order to make decisions and judgments (2013). Critical thinking is important. Blooms Taxonomy breaks critical thinking as Evaluation Synthesis Analysis Application, Comprehension and Knowledge. The components of critical thinking are: the application of logic and accepted intellectual standards to reasoning; the ability to access and evaluate

Airline Database Free Essays

The purpose of the online system is to create convenient and easy-to-use online system for passengers, trying to buy airline tickets. The system is based on a relational database with its flight management and reservation functions. We will have a database supporting dozens of major cities around the world as well as hundreds of flights by various airline companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Database or any similar topic only for you Order Now Above all, we hope to provide a comfortable user experience along with the best pricing available. 1. 5 REFRENCES ? www. laynetworks. com ? fundamental of database systems by ramez elmarsi and shamkant b. navathe. 2. OVERALL DESCRIPTION 2. PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE A distributed Airline database System stores the following information as shown below . ? THEFLIGHT DETAILS: It includes the originating flight terminal and destination terminal, along with stops in between, number of seats booked/available seats between two destination etc. ?CUSTOMER DESCRIPTION: It includes customer code, name, address and phone number. This information may be used for keeping the records of customer for any emergency or for any other kind of information. ? RESERVATION DESCRIPTION: It includes customer code number, flight number, date of booking, date of traveling . . 2 PRODUCT FEATURES The major features of airline data base system as shown in below data flow diagram layout of airline database system 2. 3 USER CLASS AND CHARECTERSTICS Users of the system should be able to retrieve flight information between two given cities with the given dates/times of travel from the database. A route from city A to city B is a sequence of connecting flights from A to B such that: a) there are at most two connecting stops, excluding the starting city and destination city of the trip, b) the connecting time is between one to two hours.The system will support two types of user privileges, Customer and Employee. Customers will have access to customer functions, and the employees will have access to both customer and flight management functions. The customer should be able to do the following functions: ? Make a new reservation. o One-way o Round-Trip o Multi-city o Flexible Date/time o Confirmation. ? Cancel an existing reservation. ? View his itinerary. The Employee should have following management functionalities: ?CUSTOMER FUNCTIONS. o Get all customers who have seats reserved on a given flight. Get all flights for a given airport. o View flight schedule. o Get all flights whose arrival and departure times are on time/delayed. o Calculate total sales for a given flight. ? ADMINISTRATIVE o Add/Delete a flight o Add a new airport o Update fare for flights. o Add a new flight leg instance. o Update departure/arrival times for flight leg instances. Each flight has a limited number of available seats. There are number of flights that go from/to different cities at different dates and time. 2. 4 OPERATING ENVIROMNENT Operating environment for the AIRLINE DATABASE as listed below ? istributed database ? client/server system ? operating system : windows xp. ? database: sql+ database ? platform: vb. net 2. 5 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS i) The global schema, fragmentation schema, allocation schema. ii) SQL commands for above queries/applications iii) How the response for application 1 and 2 will be generated. Assuming these are global queries. Explain how various fragments will be combined to do so. iv) Implement the database at least using a centralized database management system. 2. 6 ASSUPMTION DEPENDENCIESLet us assume that this is a distributed airline database system and it is used in the following application: ? A request for booking/cancellation of flight from any source to any destination, giving connected flights in case no direct flight between the specified Source-Destination pair exist. ? Calculation of high fliers (most frequent fliers) and calculating appropriate reward points for these fliers. Assuming both the transactions are single transactions, we have designed a distributed database that is geographically dispersed at four cities Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkatta as shown in fig. above. 3. SYSTEM FEATURES ? DESCRIPTION AND PRIORITY The airline reservation system maintains information on flights, classes of seats, personal preferences, prices and bookings. Of course this project has high priority because it is very difficult to travel across countries without flights. ? STIMULUS/RESPONSE SEQUENCES ? Search for Airline Flights for two Travel cities ? Displays a detailed list of available flights and make a â€Å"Reservation† or Book a ticket on a particular flight. ? Cancel an existing Reservation. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ? DISTRIBUTED DATABASE : Distributed database implies that a single application should be able to operate transparently on data that is spread across a variety of different databases and connected by a communication network as shown in below figure. CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEM A client/server system is a distributed system in which, (a) some sites are client sites and others are serer sites. (b) all data resides at the server sites. (c) all applications execute at the client sites.The term ‘client/server’ refers primarily to an architecture, or logical division of responsibilities , the client is the application (also known as the frontend), and the server is the DBMS (also known as the backend). 4. EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS 4. 1 USER INTERFACES ? Frontend software: Vb. net version ? Backend software: SQL+ 4. 2 HARDWARE INTERFACES ? Windows XP. ? Browser which supports CGI, HTML Javascript. 4. 3 SOFTWARE INTERFACES description We have chosen Windows XP operating system for its best support. To save the flight records, passengers records we have chosen SQL+ database.To implement the project we have chosen Vb. Net language for its more interactive support. Softwares used Operating system Database VB. Net 4. 4 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES This project supports all types of web browsers. We are using simple electronic forms for the reservation forms, ticket booking etc. 5. OTHER NONFUNCTIONAL REQUIRMENTS 5. 1 PERFORMANCE REQIREMENTS The steps involved to perform the implementation of airline data base are as listed below. A)E-R DIAGRAM E-R Diagram constitute a technique for representing the logical structure of a database in a pictorial manner.This analysis is then used to organize data as a relation, normalizing relation and finally obtaining a relation database. ENTITIES : Which specify distinct real-world items in an application. PROPERTIES/ATTRIBUTES : Which specify properties of an entity and relationships. RELATIONSHIPS : Which connect entities and represent meaningful dependencies between them. B) NORMALIZATION : The basic objective of normalization is to be reduce redundancy which means that information is to be stored only once. Storing information several times leads to wastage of storage space and increase in the total size of the data stored. If a Database is not properly designed it can gives rise to modification anomalies. Modification anomalies arise when data is added to, changed or deleted from a database table. Similarly, in traditional databases as well as improperly designed relational databases, data redundancy can be a problem. These can be eliminated by normalizing a database. Normalization is the process of breaking down a table into smaller tables. So that each table deals with a single theme. There are three different kinds of modifications of anomalies and formulated the first, second and third normal forms (3NF) is considered sufficient for most practical purposes. It should be considered only after a thorough analysis and complete understanding of its implications. 5. 2 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS If there is extensive damage to a wide portion of the database due to catastrophic failure, such as a disk crash, the recovery method restores a past copy of the database that was backed up to archival storage (typically tape) and reconstructs a more current state by reapplying or redoing the operations of committed transactions from the backed up log, up to the time of failure. 5. 3 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS Security systems need database storage just like many other applications.However, the special requirements of the security market mean that vendors must choose their database partner carefully. 5. 4 SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES ? AVAILABILTY: The flight should be available on the specified date and specified time as many customers are doing advance reservations. ? CORRECTNESS: The flight should reach start from correct start terminal and should reach correct destination. ? MAINTAINABILITY: The administrators and flight in chargers should maintain correct schedules of flights. ? USABILITY: The flight schedules should satisfy maximum number of customers needs. How to cite Airline Database, Papers

The Gift Outright Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Gift Outright Essay, Research Paper The Gift Outright In the verse form The Gift Outright, Robert Frost uses a historical subject to show the feelings of Americans long ago ; feelings of subjugation and despair which finally lead to rejoice and prevail. Frost connects with the many Americans today who besides have these feelings when reading the verse form. The rubric of the verse form is of import to look at in order to understand the verse form s significance. The gift was the forfeit that Americans made to give future Americans freedom every bit good as the ability to populate in a land where anything is possible. The term outright requires a individual to believe in footings of giving a gift wholeheartedly and without vacillation. Most Americans are unable to truly appreciate this construct. The first two sentences The land was ours before we were the land s. / She was our land more than a hundred old ages / Before we were her people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gift Outright Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , refers to the settlers populating on the land but non truly having it. They did non have it because they were still under the control of England. When the Colonists finally cut themselves wholly off from England, they could experience like they were the land s people. In lines six and seven, different significances of the word possessed are used. In line six, Possessing what we still were unpossessed by, Frost refers to the settlers holding physical ownership of the land. Again, the land could non possess them because the settlers did non have the land. In order to more wholly grok what Frost is stating here, see the analogy of a householder versus a tenant and the house they live in. The tenant s house can neer truly feel possessed by its proprietor because he can easy travel out and break up ties to it. On the other manus, a householder usually has his bosom and sole invested in his house. Therefore non merely is the house possessed by the proprietor , but the proprietor is possessed by the house. In line seven Possessed by what we now no more possessed. , suggests that while the settlers were still possessed by England in footings of holding to follow England s regulations and pay revenue enhancements, the settlers no longer possessed England in their Black Marias and sole. They were like the tenant who is ready to travel on. Something we were keep backing made us weak / Until we found out that it was ourselves / We were keep backing from our land of life, / And forthwith found redemption in surrender. , says a batch. The idea that a individual needs to happen the strength within to give up sounds like an oxymoron. Normally the idea of give uping makes a individual think of being weak. However, it took a great trade of strength for the settlers to give up to what was in their Black Marias. The settlers realized that plighting commitment to England merely weakened their ability to go one with the land. Triumph and glorification was theirs, one time they gave up their dependance on England. Such as we were we gave ourselves outright ( The title of gift was many workss of war ) To the land mistily recognizing due west, But still unstoried, ingenuous, unenhanced, Such as she was, such as she would go. The concluding lines of the verse form are inspirational to many Americans because they point out the fact that the settlers did so give the gift outright. They gave of themselves wholeheartedly, without vacillation, and without sorrow. Many forfeits were made in war every bit good as during the great migration West. The settlers had no thought what was before them they merely believed in their Black Marias that it would be good The enlargement of America gave the settlers the chance to make their ain narratives and develop their ain civilization. They could look back at what America was and look frontward to what America would go.

Air Pollution in Mexico City Essay Example

Air Pollution in Mexico City Paper General information about the problem: As the vehicle population reached more than 700 million, numerous cities experiencing rapid industrialization started to suffer from air pollution. Some of them reduced the air pollution level; however there are still some that are considered to be the most polluted cities in the world. Introduction of the problem: One of them is Mexico City. According to Forbes, Mexican capital is one of the five dirtiest cities of the world. Industrial growth of the city, population boom, which grew room 3 million in 1950 to 20 million today, and the proliferation of vehicles in the city contributed to the Mexico Citys current air quality. Narrowing down the problem: However, with the transportation proliferation contributing to about half of the citys total emissions, several solutions have to be considered in order to reduce the air pollution in the city. Thesis statement: The government should practice legal regulations and favor the velveteen of environmentally friendly technology and fuel in order to reduce the air pollution level in Mexico City. II. Background A. Identify the problem/ show that the problem exists: People suffer from various diseases and the environment is being damaged (research). B. What caused the problem: Air pollution is mainly caused by vehicles. C. The effects of the problem: Air pollution can have serious consequences for the human health as well as severely damage the ecosystem. Ill. Solution 1 Topic sentence: One of the possible solutions is to continue to enforce legal regulations concerning air pollution prevention. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Mexico City specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Mexico City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Mexico City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Give grounds to the proposed solution (e. G. This problem has been solved somewhere else; experts suggest this solution : The air pollution has been noticeably decreased due to legal regulations and governmental programs like PICA, PREPARE and PREPARE Ill Describe your solution: Diminish taxis Advantages: As taxis are diminished, less harmful gas emissions are produced Disadvantages: Taxis are convenient Taxi driver as a job Solution 2 Topic sentence: Another possible solution is to pass a law on telecommuting. Give grounds to the proposed solution (e. G. This problem has been solved somewhere else; experts suggest this solution Less gas emissions on telecommuting days (research) Describe your solution: Pass a away on telecommuting Can be implemented now, as it does not require any expanded planning, design and construction; Is relatively inexpensive to implement; Expands personal choices rather than restricting them, by offering them more flexibility in work and lifestyle. Disadvantages: May incite legal issues between organization and employers Lack of interaction with co-workers Not all jobs are suitable for telecommuting Solution 3 Topic sentence: The last, but not the least possible solution is to replace gasoline usage in the city with hydrogen fuel. Give grounds to the proposed solution (e. G. This problem has been solved somewhere else; experts suggest this solution ): The research indicates that usage of hydrogen fuel will definitely decrease the air pollution level. Describe your solution: Hydrogen should replace gasoline. Advantages: Reduction in air pollution due to zero emissions Hydrogen is abundant (renewable source) Hydrogen is expensive to produce Hydrogen refueling stations construction require big amounts of money VI. Conclusion-Recommendation: Mexico City is often said to be the most polluted city in the world. It retainer does pose serious environmental threats to its own survival as a city, but it affects regional and global air quality levels as well. Therefore, specific measures have to be taken in order to reduce the air pollution level. There are some basic solutions that could be used, like continue enforcing legal regulations, pass a low on telecommuting and use hydrogen fuel instead of gasoline. All of these have already been implemented and we know that they will work for the environment. Therefore, the government should enforce these solutions and stop the air pollution in Mexico City. Air pollution in Mexico City As the vehicle population reached more than 700 million worldwide, numerous cities experiencing rapid industrialization started to suffer from air pollution (Walsh, 1999). The level of air pollution in any city is a global concern. The reason is that air can travel freely from place to place; consequently, the polluted air from one city can travel to another. The polluted air has numerous negative Consequences for human health and also severely damages the ecosystem. Some of the cities reduced the air pollution polluted cities in the world. One of them is Mexico City. According to Forbes, he Mexican capital is one of the five dirtiest cities of the world (Luck, 2008). The government and people have take measures in order to reduce the air pollution in Mexico City before it is too late. The government should practice legal regulations and favor the usage of hydrogen fuel instead of gasoline in order to reduce the air pollution level in Mexico City. Mexico City is one of the worlds largest metropolitan areas, containing more than 20 million inhabitants, 3. 5 million vehicles, and 35,000 industries (McKinley et al. , 2005). More than 20% of Mexico entire population lives in its capital and more than 0 % of the countrys industrial output is produced here (Edgerton et al. N. Although Mexico City is considered one of the worlds largest cities, it is still growing at a rate exceeding 3% annually. Moreover, the number of vehicles daily traveling on its streets makes up more than three million (Edgerton, et al. , n. D). All the factors listed above contribute to Mexico Citys poor air quality. Mexico City is a perfect example of one of the burgeoning cities that experience severe air pollution. The ozone concentration in Mexico City is one of the highest in the world, being more than four times higher than the accepted norms. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and some other harmful gases also exceed the Mexican health advisory level (Walsh, 1999). Nevertheless, comprehensive air quality management programs since 1 990 have contributed to major reductions in the concentrations Of some pollutants such as lead, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide (Nominal Nominal, n. D. ). Sulfur in diesel fuel has been reduced from 0. 5% to 0. 05%. Many old buses and trucks of Mexico City were replaced by newer ones powered by more modern and cleaner engines. In addition, unleaded fuel was introduced at that time to make the vehicle emissions elatedly cleaner (Edgerton et al, n. Although the above measures contributed to a slight positive change in Mexico Citys air quality, serious air pollution problems still persist. The poor quality of air is the result of several factors: emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles and for industrial processes, energy production, high dust levels due to local constructions, population groom (Nominal Nominal, n. Those human demands on the ecosystem are changing the landscape with important atmospheric consequences as well as causing threat to human health. People suffer from various diseases starting from insignificant ones like headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions to more serious ones like chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys (How can air pollution hurt my health? , n. Although it is not possible to determine the total impact of Mexico Cues poor air quality on public health, McKinley et al. 2005) calculated that only a 10% reduction Of particulate matter in the air would save 3,000 lives and 10,000 new cases of chronic bronchitis each year, and that reduction of ozone loud save 300 lives. As approximately 80% of particulate matter and nitrogen oxide, 45% of volatile organic compounds, and 30% of sulfur dioxide come from mobile sources, their emissions level should be reduced (McKinley et al. , 2005). One of the possible solutions to reduce air pollution from vehicles is to continue enforcing legal regulations concerning air pollution prevention. As mentioned above, Mexico Citys government has taken several measures and attempted various programs in order to decrease the level of air pollution in the city. The first plan Program Integral era el Control De Ia Contamination n Tomatoes Rica (PICA) was started in 1990 and had major attainments, including the introduction of two-way catalytic converters, the phase-out of leaded gasoline, and the establishment of vehicle emissions standards (McKinley et al. , 2005). The second program, PREPARE 1995-2000 (Program Para Major la cyclical del Eire en el valley De Me OIC Program to Improve Air Quality in the Valley of Mexico) had other major accomplishments, such as the introduction of methyl tertiary butyl ether (METE) in gasoline to improve combustion efficiency, and carried out extractions on the aromatic content of fuels and on the sulfur content in industrial fuel (McKinley et al. , 2005). These programs have had significant impact on reduction of air pollution in the city. That is why more of these kinds of programs should be implemented in Mexico City, so the city can finally reduce the levels of air pollution to acceptable norms. For instance, the government should implement policies concerning taxis. According to Connelly (1999), taxis and individual cars that replaced traditional buses are the most polluting of all forms of transport. Approximately 110,000 taxis circulate the streets of Mexico City (McKinley et al. , 2005, p. 1955). Because of the large number of kilometers traveled each day by taxis, their emissions are quite high. Even though taxis account for only 3. % of Mexico Citys vehicle fleet, the their emissions make 3. 6% of particulate matter, 11 of sulfur dioxide, 10. 7% of carbon monoxide, 10. 2% of nitrogen oxide and 14% of volatile organic compounds of all transportation related emissions (McKinley et al. , 2005). Thus, all the taxis around the city have to be diminished. Instead of taxis, the government should provide the residents tit more buses and minibuses. The advantage of this policy is obvious: if there would be no taxis traveling in the city, less harmful gases would be emitted. Moreover, the analysis made by McKinley et al. 2005) suggests that a turnover of the taxi fleet due to its size and age would benefit from over $70 million US in reduced health impacts from air pollution, and would also benefit from fuel savings, whose costs summed up together, is greater than this measures investment cost. However, there are several drawbacks to this solution. Firstly, taxis are very convenient for people who do not have their win car to travel around more efficiently or to travel to places, which locations are not known to you. For instance, taxis are very beneficial for the tourists who do not know the city. Moreover, most people earn money by working as a taxi driver and total ban of taxis would deprive them of their way of earning money. Therefore, most people might disagree with this policy and solution generally. Another possible solution is to pass the law on telecommuting. Telecommuting or telethon basically means working from a place rather than traditional office environment, usually from home. The stance traveled by a person is a significant factor in air pollution because less distance traveled, less undesirable gases are emitted. As telecommuters work from home, they tend to travel less often. The research indicates that on the telecommuting days, the distance traveled by vehicles is decreased by 76%. Consequently, there are fewer gas emissions: to be more precise, there is a reduction by 64% of total organic gases, 63% of carbon monoxide and 73% of oxides of nitrogen (Sympathy, Saxons Nomination, 1991). Other advantages of telecommuting are that it can be implemented now, as it does to require any expanded planning, design and construction; it is relatively inexpensive to implement; it expands personal choices rather than restricting them, by offering them more flexibility in work and lifestyle (Sympathy et al. 1991). However, some employers and employees would disagree with this solution because there are some disadvantages. Firstly, telecommuting may incite legal issues between organization and employers. Some of the issues they may face are workplace safety and compensation issues (Mills, Wong-Ellison, Werner Clay, 2001 The organization cannot guarantee employees saf ety because employee works out of the office. And if any accident happened to the employee, the organization would not want to compensate employees medical expenses because the employee cannot prove that the accident coco red in the scope of employment. Secondly, lack of interaction with co-workers and isolation from society due to telecommuting, can have negative affects on individuals behavior and attitudes as well as can lead to negative consequences, like anxiety, depression, and even physical ailments (Gained, Kelley Hill, 1999). Moreover, not all jobs are suitable for telecommuting and some employers slide supervising employees they cannot see (Mills, et al. , 2001 Nevertheless, telecommuting should be considered as one of the possible solution, because it is a perfect way to reduce vehicle traveling during the day, consequently reducing air pollution levels. The last, but not the least possible solution is to replace gasoline usage in the city with hydrogen fuel. The transportation sector is currently consuming gasoline and diesel at high rates. More than half of the globally used oil is used for transportation (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). The harmful emissions to the environment are uh to its usage. Therefore, alternative fuels should be used more. Some types of alternative fuels are biological (methanol, ethanol), bodiless and hydrogen. Kurtosis and Kari (2006) compared the fuels listed above and came to conclusion that the use of hydrogen as a fuel would be the most beneficial one. A transition from fossil fuels to hydrogen would decrease the air pollution level because almost zero emissions occur, with water being the only by-product. In addition, hydrogen is the most abundant element on the Earth, so there should not be concerns about running out of its stocks. Moreover, car industries should produce more automobiles with a hydrogen- powered internal combustion engine. Currently, BMW is the only one. BMW also made the automobile to be powered either by hydrogen or gasoline, as the availability of hydrogen refueling stations is low (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). However, there are several disadvantages to this solution. Firstly, hydrogen made from electrolysis of water is very expensive. At 25 C, 65 watt- hours are needed to electrolyte one mole of water, which is 4. KHz of electricity to generate one cubic meter of hydrogen. This electricity comes room the alternator which of course is powered by the engine, which uses energy (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). So, fuel economy is decreased by the same means you are trying to improve fuel economy. But there is an alternative way to produce hydrogen, which is to split the water molecules through the use of wind or solar energy, what is less expensive (Kurtosis Kari, 2006). Another disadvantage is that the number of hydrogen refueling stations is very low. So, if individual runs out of the gas, it will be difficult to find a station to refuel the automobile immediately. To construct ewe hydrogen gas stations will require the government to allocate huge amounts of money. Winter (2006) estimated a hydrogen station construction to cost from $500,000 to over $5 million, depending on station size (30 keg/day 1 ,OHO keg/day). This amount includes the capital costs, installation costs, feedstock costs and fixed operating costs. Despite the disadvantages, producing and using hydrogen instead of gasoline holds the promise of pollution reduction in Mexico City. Mexico City is often said to be the most polluted city in the world. It certainly does pose serious environmental threats o its survival as a city, but it affects regional and global air quality levels as well. Therefore, specific measures have to be taken in order to reduce the air pollution level. There are some basic solutions that could be used, like continue enforcing legal regulations, pass a low on telecommuting and use hydrogen fuel instead of gasoline. All of these have already been implemented and we know that they will work for the environment. Therefore, the government should enforce these solutions and stop the air pollution in Mexico City.

Inflation essays

Inflation essays In the economy the study of increases and decreases in general consumer goods or services prices is referred to as inflation and deflation respectively. Economists studying inflation or deflation study either a sustained increase or decrease in the general price level over time. The study of such is important as the effect of price levels within society effect all participants in the economy including individuals, business and government. Inflation and deflation is measured by many sources in a variety of ways, depending on how the information is to be used and who by. In Australia, the Australian Bureau of Statistics in the form of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures inflation and deflation. The changes in the CPI reflect the levels of inflation or deflation, which in turn encapsulates the real cost of living. The CPI is measured by the use of a basket of goods and services, all the goods and services are priced in one year and then again the following year, changes in prices can then be used to calculate inflation or deflation. In the basket of goods and services there is eight categories... Housing Equipment These categories are chosen to reflect and represent average Australians and their buying habits. This way inflation or deflation reflects the cost of living to real average Australians. In Australia the standard equation for measuring inflation or deflation is... Current inflation/deflation previous inflation/deflation 100 Inflation or Deflation Rate = x - Previous inflation/deflation 1 For example, to calculate the inflation rate between year A with a CPI of 120 and year B with a CPI of 129 we find the percentage change in the price levels which is in effect the inflation or deflation rate... Inflatio...

Becoming a nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Becoming a nurse - Essay Example Other than treating patients without discriminating amongst them, I need to ensure that while treating patients I take into account the education, socioeconomic class, gender and ethnicity into consideration in order to deal with different patients in different ways. For example: needs of patients belonging to a lower socioeconomic class would be different as compared to those who belong to a higher socioeconomic class. Since their backgrounds are different there is ought to be difference in the causes of the diseases they are experiencing and these different causes need to be considered while creating treatment plans for them as different treatment plans will help eliminate different issues. I even need to ensure that I consider the personal traits of the patients while dealing with them. For example some patients are quite aggressive in nature while others are quite calm. While dealing with aggressive patients I need to keep myself calm and help them in understanding their

Mongol People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mongol People - Essay Example The culture of the Mongol allows them to marry off their daughters to other clans and the parents were the ones to arrange for the marriage. The parents always ask for gifts before the wedding and during the wedding, the Buddhist seek heavenly protection by reading the scripture (Newworldencyclopedia.org). The Mongolians are also singing communities who like to sing echoing songs. The Mongol people also practice dancing. The saber, Ordos and Andai dances are famous around the world.The Mongol people are governed by their imperial court of dynasty. The rulers inflict punishment on the wrong doers. The punishment was through possession of the herds of the wrong doer and the repossession of the lands they own.The Mongol people are also good at writing and translation skills. Most of the grammar books, dictionaries and translated history books about Mongolia were done by the Mongol people themselves (Newworldencyclopedia.org).ReligionMongolians main religion is Lamaism, the yellow sect o f the Buddhism. Shamanism was the earlier main religion, but recently Lamaism is considered their main religion because it pushed the male Mongols to be monks than the warriors in earlier periods. During the period of conversion to Lamaism, every family is supposed to provide one son to be raised to be a lama.Medicine and health careMongols have been using acupuncture, massages, and herbal medicine to treat most of the diseases among their people. Kublai Khan was born in the year 1912 in Mongolia in the country of china.

Vikane Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vikane Gas - Essay Example fectively destroys insects at all the active stages of life, whereas it has to be administered in higher doses or for longer periods of exposure to kill insect eggs. It is a highly toxic gas, which acts as a central nervous system depressant; and high concentrations can lead to respiratory failure. The odorless, colorless gas has no warning characteristics (Kamrin 1997) hence it contains the irritant chloropicrin as a warning indicator. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the properties, functions, uses, toxic effects, and various other dimensions of Vikane Gas or Sulfuryl Fluoride. The detection methods and treatment for nerve gases will also be examined. Significantly, sulfuryl fluoride is licensed for use in several countries, which is an important consideration in increasing the use of the fumigant in postharvest control technology. It is currently registered as a structural fumigant, â€Å"and may be effective as a general commodity disinfestation treatment and as a quarantine treatment† (Zettler and Arthur 2000, p.581). In food premises storing grains the fumigant is used carefully because of its toxicity. Further, it is used as a quarantine treatment for dried fruits and nuts where control of the tolerant egg stage need not be taken into consideration; as in destroying an infestation of C. pomonella on walnuts and A. transitella on almonds. Sulfuryl fluoride has the lowest boiling point of any fumigant, -55.20C, and hence is in the gaseous state under all practical fumigation conditions. The exposure routes are mainly through inhalation and through the skin. Vikane gas, a Restricted Use Pesticide is in a pressurized condition in a steel cylinder from which it is dispensed through a hose into the interior of the sealed structure. After the elapse of a period of time, when air levels of sulfuryl fluoride have lowered to 1 part per million (ppm) or less, the interior of the structure is aerated. The Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)

Occupational Theory And Well Being

Occupational Theory And Well Being This discussion will be looking at the health needs of an individual and impact these have on health, illness and well-being, in relation to occupational therapy. Firstly it will look at the individual, identifying key aspects of their health and wellbeing. Then it will focus on Occupational therapy, looking at the impact occupational therapy can have on health and well-being. There are 2 appendices attached to enhance the readers knowledge but are not essential to the discussion. It will be set out as an assignment with clear headings. Nathan Como This discussion will be focusing on a 45 year old man called Nathan. He is a first generation British National; his parents were born in Trinidad. In 1984 Nathan married and had a baby. Nathans wife left him, and the baby, when they baby was one. Nathan was unable to cope, went to his doctor and was given antipsychotic medication. He was later diagnosed with schizophrenia (see appendix 1). A few years later, Nathan noticed he was struggling to breathe so went to his general practitioner (GP) who diagnosed him with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (see appendix 2). Nathan is an active smoker and has been since he was young. Nathan has not had a steady job since young but does work to support his family. Nathan was never a particularly social man but did begin to take part in the community when his son was young and his neighbors were regular babysitters. This discussion will focus on the impacts of changes to ones health needs and the effect this has on their occupational balance. Occupational Therapy There are various versions on the definition of occupational therapy. The world federation of occupational therapists (WFOT, 2004) defines occupational therapy as a profession concerned with promoting health and wellbeing through occupation. An occupational therapist views the participation in occupations as stimulating for an individuals health and wellbeing (Wilcock, 1993). It is important to remember that although occupations are often assumed to be healthy or productive this is not always the case as: binge drinking, smoking and risky sports, can all be described as occupations; these could all have a detrimental effect on ones health and wellbeing. It can be concluded that without the ability to complete occupations it can then be assumed that a person will not lead a healthy or productive life. Occupational therapists aim to identify an individuals occupational identity. This can be described as who the individual sees themselves as and who they would like to aim to be (Duncan, 2006). People all have a different view of who they are and how they see themselves within a community. This is important for occupational therapists to establish as each client they meet with will have a different occupational identity (another reference). Additionally it is core to an occupational therapist to establish the individuals occupational performance. This has been defined as some kind of purposeful and goal directed activity (Crabtree, 2003) or Duncan (2006) defines occupational performance as what his or her (the individual) physical, cognitive and social abilities are. Crabtrees (2003) definition of occupational performance includes the words purposeful activity. There is a great debate among occupational therapists as to the meaning behind purposeful activity (and if this indeed the r ight word to be used in a definition). A purposeful activity to one person may not be the same to someone else. For Nathan, carrying out simple everyday tasks may be difficult due to his breathing, so a purposeful task may be to have a shower independently. For others a shower may just be seen as a basic human need and not purposeful at all. It is all based upon the individual and what it means to them. When a person develops an illness there occupational balance can be disturbed and they need to re-adjust their lives to ensure they continue to have an occupational balance. Occupational balance can be defined as a combination of self-care, play, work and rest (Wilcock et al, 1997) or self-care, productivity and leisure (Le Boutillier and Croucher, 2010). Additionally that it is through occupations that a healthy physical and mental wellbeing is obtained (Wilcock et al, 1997). The college of occupational therapy (COT), 2006 suggests that individuals have a built in drive and need to be active and to partake in occupations. Occupation is central to the existence of individuals, groups and communities COT, 2006. Without occupations people would never reach the potentials within themselves or the world, (Wilcock, 1993). The COT report that if people are deprived of activity or have limited access to a wide variety of occupations both their physical and psychological health will suffer. Children take part in occupations largely to learn and develop whereas adults complete occupations to contribute to the community and to be rewarded for their contribution. It can be very important to some that they establish a role for themselves. For Nathan his roles within his life have developed and changed. He was a husband for a short time, a father to Saul, but this was partially shared with his neighbours. It is reported by the COT, 2006 that the older generation use occupations to support their independence and to give them a role within a community or society. Maintaining a routine of occupations, that, have meaning to an individual, can provide a structure and sense of purpose and direction to life to an individual. Irrelevant of disability/disease an individual can carry out a routine which can provide fee lings of identity, normality and wellbeing. Therefore any disruption to the routine thanks to illness, injury or environmental challenges can lead to dissatisfaction, disorientation and distress for the individual. Occupation is, therefore, essential for good mental health and wellbeing COT, 2006. When a person is unable to engage in occupation, whether due to personal, social or environmental factors, the occupational therapist works with her or him to develop skills, challenge inequalities and promote social inclusion COT, 2006. Occupational therapists believe that occupational competency (another reference) in everyday activities depends on the interaction between the individual; their occupations (the things they do) and the individuals environment. It has been reported that an individuals wellbeing is directly related to the quality of this interaction. Duncan (2006) reports that when an individual is temporarily or permanently unable to relate or engage in the roles, relationships and certain occupations expected of someone of a similar age and sex; within a particular culture, it can be assumed the individual has an occupational dysfunction. Kielhofner, 2009, states that occupational dysfunction occurs when an individual does not have the capacity to choose, perform or organise occupations or the ability to choose a pattern of occupational behavior that facilitates a quality of life. How would an Occupational Therapist Assess and choose interventions for Nathan? Reed and Sanderson (1999) report that there are 7 key reasons why occupational therapists should use models and the advantages of a model based practice. Models provide a link between theory and practice, define and focus the area of interest for the OT, provide a framework for assessment, intervention and evaluation, contribute to a sound philosophical basis, use of common vocabulary to communicate ideas, provides a professional unity and the use of common themes throughout all models; such as concern for the individual, the value of human occupation and looking at an individual holistically. Although models give a good grounding and starting point for occupational therapists, it is important to remember they are just that; a starting point. They do not include details on every aspect or outcome that may occur and they assume a basic knowledge of the key attributes expected of an occupational therapist. Models are used to guide practice but not to dictate. Models are sometimes used as the boundaries of the occupational therapy intervention, as practitioners come across new patients with varying conditions and they may not fit neatly into an existing model. It is important for an occupational therapist to note that models are inclusive not exclusive and in these cases the practitioner should be experienced enough to notice the need to perhaps adapt a model or develop a new one. An occupational therapist should also be mindful of models become out of date as practice is evolving all the time so using an old model may result in out of date practice (Feaver and Creek, 1993). Kielhofner (2009) discusses the Model of Human Occupation, within which he reports that volition (what values an individual has, the interests an individual finds satisfying and how an individual is able to interact within the world) leads to the choice of occupational activities (functional and dysfunctional occupations). If an individual has a mental health problem it may contribute to the i ndividual being unable to assess their personal interaction within the world and may result in a change in how a person interacts within the world (Crist et al, 2000); resulting in a change in their occupations. Nathan has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, as a result his views and how he is viewed within society has changed. There is a lot of stigma and stereotypes related to schizophrenia, a study by Angermeyer and Matschinger (2004) looked at the stereotypes a person with schizophrenia experiences. They concluded that the most common are people believing they are incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous. As a result individuals with mental health illnesses find themselves socially excluded, with no one to turn to. For an individual such as Nathan who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia but has been receiving successful treatment for a number of years, this could be extremely frustrating. Morgan (2007) reports that people with mental health illnesses are the most excluded population. This statement is also supported by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010). The definition of social inclusion is a debated one, it is highly inconsistent and comes with ambiguity. A report by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) argues that social inclusion is more than just engaging in community activity within the physical presence, as this doesnt necessarily imply that the individual feels included. Nathan began to attend community activities when his son was younger thanks to a family who would regularly babysit for him. They encouraged him to attend the local church and also become more involved within the community. It can be argued that although Nathan was actively involved in the community for a short while did he really feel included? The media portray schizophrenia in a bad light only highlighting the bad symptoms (mentioned earlier being incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous) and not addressing the positive ones or identifying that it is a manageable illness. As a result it is often recorded that not only is it a stereotype of the individual s who do not suffer from a mental health illness but also it is often the individuals with the illness who feel they are incapable to socialising with others and being involved for fear of how they may react. Individuals feel fear and rejection, as a result of their mental illness, and lack a sense of connection and belonging. Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) also identify that individuals who are not socially active within their community still may feel socially included, again emphasising the fact that it is not just physically attending community activities which can cause an individual to feel included. Other authors report social inclusion as being the ability of an individual to fit into a community by conforming to its traditional values of housing, education and employment (Lloyd et al 2006). Others refer to social inclusion including the social, psychological and physical components but emphasising the individuals sense of belonging and the importance of a support network (Labonte, 2004). However Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that feeling socially included must also include personal meaning, an individual should feel involved and feel connected to the community, not just simply an individual physically engaging within the community. Therefore all these views indicate that how the individual perceives themselves within a community will determine whether they view themselves as socially included; it is highly individual. From this information it would be hard to conclude as to whether Nathan was feeling socially excluded as it is an individual view. An occupational therapist would need to conclude with their service user what their view of social inclusion means to their specific environment. A study by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that the occupational aspects associated with social inclusion are; self care, leisure, productivity, occupational deprivation, occupational alienation, occupational balance, habits, roles routines an d occupational performance. It states that all these aspects help an individual to feel more socially included or may cause them to feel isolated depending. For occupational therapists, the three main occupational performance areas are self-care, leisure and productivity (work). A study completed by Moyer (2000) looked at the impact of work for individuals with mental health illnesses. He looked at work as a means of integrating into a community, not just as an income as work can be voluntary or within home management. He identified that work helps to develop a persons confidence, identity and self-esteem. It also establishes a role for the person within a community. Nathan has not had a stable job since he left school but has been working constantly. The reasons behind his nomadic style are not clear but could be due to his schizophrenia and the social exclusion he receives when colleagues, employers or customers discover his illness. It has also been recently discussed by Sweetsur, 2009 that many individuals with a mental health illness are seen to be critically ill and are not seen as people who are able to carry out work when well. S weetsur, 2009 also suggests that mental health institutions are not promoting people back to work or encouraging them to better themselves. If the people working with and for individuals with mental health illnesses are not promoting work then it is not surprising that society has the view that people with mental health problems are incapable of working. If an individual is not working they will not be fulfilling the productivity aspect to ensure they have occupational balance. Conclusion From the above information it is clear to conclude that one key trend throughout this discussion is the prominence of client centred practice. The fact that every individual is different and there is no clear definition, model or practice that will fit two clients. Using this information it is very hard to establish Nathans particular health needs as the information provided is limited. Assumptions would need to be made in all aspects of his life. It is clear from the above that occupational therapists believe to ensure an individual is healthy they should partake in occupations which are purposeful and meaningful to the individual. When an individual becomes injured, has a disability or something affects their environment resulting in them no longer being able to partake in occupations it causes an occupational dysfunction. Occupational therapists use models to help asses and implement plans for the individual although it is essential that the practitioner understands the limitations of models. References Angermeyer M and Matschinger H (2004) The Stereotype of Schizophrenia and Its impact on Discrimination Against People With Schizophrenia: Results From a Representative Survey in Germany. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30(4) 1049-1061. Accessed 03.11.10 via http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/4/1049.full.pdf Boyer G, Hachey R and Mercier, C (2000) Perceptions of Occupational Performance and Subjective Quality of Life in Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health,15(2)1-15. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0eb.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5hid=105sid=89328e11-b7d8-4de4-97ad-93b4e1890459%40sessionmgr104 Cao V, Chung C, Ferreira A, Nelken J, Brooks D and Cott C (2010) Changes in Activities of Wives Caring for Their Husbands Following Stroke. Physiotherapy Canada, 62 (1) 35-43. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 College of Occupational Therapists (2006) Recovering ordinary lives: the strategy for occupational therapy in mental health services 2007-2017. London: COT. Accessed 01.11.10 via http://www.cot.co.uk/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/ROL_Vision_2010.pdf Crabtree J (2003) Occupational Performance. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 17(2), 1-18 Creek J (2010) The core concepts of occupational therapy: A dynamic Framework for practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Crist P, Davis, C and Coffin, P (2000) The Effects of Employment and Mental Health Status on the Balance of Work, Play/Leisure, Self-Care, and Rest. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 15(1), 27-42 Duncan E (2002) Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy. Elsevier Ltd, London. Feaver S and Creek J (1993) Models for practice in occupational therapy. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 56(2) 59-62. Gronkiewicz C and Borkgren-Okonek M (2004) Acute exacerbation of COPD: nursing application of evidence-based guidelines. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 27(4), 336-352. Honey A (1999) Empowerment versus power: Consumer participation in mental health services. Occupational Therapy International, 6(4), 257-276 Kielhofner, G (2009) Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia, USA Labonte R (2004) Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic. Health Promotion International, 19(9), 115-21. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/115.full Le Boutillier, C. Croucher, A. (2010) Social Inclusion and Mental Health, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(3) pp.136 139 Lloyd C, Tse S, Deane FP (2006) Community participation and social inclusion: how practitioners can make a difference. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 5(3) Accessed 02.11.10 via http://www.qldalliance.org.au/resources/items/2009/09/294410-upload-00001.pdf Lloyd C, Waghorn G, Williams PL (2008) Conceptualising recovery in mental health rehabilitation. British Journal of Occupational Therapy,71(8), 321-28 Molineux M (2004) Occupation for Occupational Therapists. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=-UeXMIL3B0Coi=fndpg=PR9dq=Molineux+social+exclusionots=-HzrxHwTFmsig=C1vzJYcR7HY6IcdicghK5D5aQAI#v=onepageq=Molineux%20social%20exclusionf=false Morgan C, Burns T, Fitzpatrick M, Pinfold V and Priebe S (2007) Social exclusion and mental health Conceptual and methodological review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 477-483. Retrieved 01.11.10 from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/191/6/477 Petty T (2000) COPD: interventions for smoking cessation and improved ventilatory function. Geriatrics, 55(12), 30. Reed K and Sanderson S (1999) Concepts of Occupational therapy (4th Ed). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Maryland, Usa. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=1ZE47g_IRTwCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=occupational+therapy+modelsots=sJkzgUie_Psig=6z3WRZ5AlTAfifSKZqPkkkO_n68#v=onepageq=occupational%20therapy%20modelsf=false Reilly M (1962) Occupational Therapy Can Be One Of the Great Ideas of 20th Century Medicine. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16 (1) 87-105. Accessed 16.10.11 via http://moodle.essex.ac.uk/file.php/1640/future_OT.pdf Schermer T, Weel C, Barten F et al. (2008). Prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care. Quality in Primary Care. 16 (5), p363-377. Sweetsur D (2009) Schizophrenia and the work ethic: is it time to stop thinking and start doing? Mental Health Occupational Therapy, 14 (3) 106-107 WFOT (2004) What is OT? Retrieved 13-10-2010 from: http://www.wfot.org/information.asp Wilcock A (1993) A theory of the human need for occupation. Occupational Science: Austrialia, 1 (1) 17-24 Wilcock A, Chelin M, Hall M, Hamley N, Morrison B, Scrivener L, Townsend M and Treen K (1997) The relationship between occupational balance and health: A pilot study Occupational Therapy International, 4(1), 17-30. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/detail?vid=11hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 Yuil C, Crinson I and Duncan E (2010) Key Concepts in Health Studies. SAGE Publications Ltd. London. Accessed 04.10.10 via http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49397/49397.pdf Appendix 1 Schizophrenia When someone believes untrue things about their cultural society and has considered to have lost touch with reality they are generally diagnosed with a form of psychosis such as schizophrenia (Morrison et al 2008). Psychosis itself is a persons belief in events in reality that are imaginary or unreal (NHS, 2010). Individuals who develop schizophrenia are will never be the same as another schizophrenic as they all bring their own individual experiences and symptoms (NICE,2010).Other mental illness involve psychosis, but what separates schizophrenia from bipolar disorder (a.k.a manic depression) for instance, is that the patients problems are not centred exclusively around their mood (Morrison et al 2008). Schizophrenics may also, believe that they have great powers and abilities (Morrison et al 2008), have strange changes in behaviour or find it difficult to concentrate even on everyday tasks (NHS, 2010). It is quite possible that Nathan could be further diagnosed as having paranoid s chizophrenia as his symptoms largely relate to this form of psychosis. Negative symptoms for the illness also exist such as low mood and being social withdrawn (NHS, 2010). There is some confliction within literature as it seems that personal and professional ideas differ with regards to recovery from schizophrenia (Rethink 2010). Professionals may view recovery as completely overcoming the symptoms of the illness, most patients, carers and some organisations try to view recovery in terms of achieving personal goals and targets such as returning to work or having an active social life (Rethink 2010 Morrison et al 2008). While some research suggests that some patients do make a full recovery (but often over very long periods of time), there is still variation between individuals and it is not the case for everyone (Morriosn et al 2008). For these individuals, finding ways of managing their illness through medication and therapy in order to rebuild their lives to a level that they can cope with, gives them and their carers their own personal sense of recovery (Morrison et al 2008). NICE, 2010 report that inequalities in mental health services are common and especially for clients from Afro-Caribbean origins to access UK services.

Marketing the Target Audience :: Clothing Retail Advertising Advertisements Essays

Marketing the Target Audience It was another day shopping for clothes, nothing new, in fact I thought I was going to get something here and there, look else where and go home. As I was walking through a mall, I stumbled upon a store that I thought looked cool and casual. I thought to myself anything that was interesting enough to catch my eyes, had to be investigated thoroughly. As soon, as I walked in I new that I could easily begin to shop at the store for certain things I needed. Buckle is a clothing store that shares its store by selling Lucky Brand clothing. Now many people may disagree on the prices that are set on the clothing, however, in a society where being cool and individualism is valued, Buckle is the place to go. Interested in wanting to see what more the clothing line had to offer, I visited the Buckle website, noticing that everything seems to fit in place and markets what it is supposed to very well. The clothing line is for young men and women who want a change from their old sho pping outlets to a more exciting, fun, cool and casual store. In the next pages we’ll explore what Buckle and Lucky Brand have in store for today’s youth and why it is marketed well. Buckle and Lucky Brand are the product’s manufacturer and distributor. Young, middle class, men and women who are cool and spontaneous seems to be the main stream of consumers for the brands. The website is mainly focused on traditional American patriotism for the modern youth. The website, clothes and stores generally emphasize that in order for one to be cool, one must buy their merchandise. Luck Brand Dungarees are a perfect example of claiming to dominate the world of quality jeans. The word â€Å"dungaree† means a pair of sturdy, durable, twill-weave of cotton fabric made into jeans. Written on the dungarees (and on the website) are the Lucky Brand slogans â€Å"Americas Favorite† and â€Å"Wear us, be lucky†. I bought two pair of jeans recently, on the inseam of the zippers is the phrase â€Å"Lucky You† and I also found a strip of paper that once again notes that if the customer wears the jeans, he/she will be lucky.

Should Models Have a Minimum Weight? Essay

What The Size of Models Really Promotes Models over the past decades have become noticeably thinner and thinner creating an ongoing debate: Are models becoming too thin? For a recent example, Bethaney Wallace, a teenage model, dies at the age of 19 from starving herself to death, all for the sole purpose of selling clothes. Model deaths are one of the many reasons that have caused the fashion industry to discuss implementation of a minimum model weight standard. This issue has been in debate for a long time now, but standards have never been enacted. Most people would do anything for a job they loved, including purging, starving, and excessive exercising. But when there’s no line drawn, how does someone know when enough is enough? Not only is the idea of ‘thin is beautiful’ hurting models, but it is also damaging the frail body images of most young girls. We unfortunately live in a world where fashion is promoting an unhealthy image for young women to aspire to, but with a set of standards this could cr eate progress for a change. Because the majority of models in today’s society are unreasonably thin, and because media images are a major factor in girls’ images of themselves, a weight standard should be set for models to promote better body image for themselves and other girls. BACKGROUND The evolution of fashion models is vast if comparing the size of the models. Surprisingly, the fashion industry wasn’t always obsessed with caloric intake and the size of models that stomped the catwalk. â€Å"Addressing her fellow beauties on the matter of their ample cabooses, newly elected president of the Model’s Mutual Aid Society, Lucy â€Å"Lucky† Janishevski, admonished her sisters to lay down their baguettes and wage a war on calories to keep their figures svelte and their jobs secure. After all, the slender Brits and Americans were rapidly invading French fashion territory. In a news report issued by the North American Newspaper Alliance, published on this day in 1957, Lucky recommended a reducing regimen of exercise, carrot juice, and a ‘microscopic slice of dry toast’† (Lloyd). â€Å"Lucky† was one of the first woman to suggest an unhealthy guideline for models to follow in France. â€Å"Lucky and a former American model, D orian  Leigh, established the first successful modeling agency in Paris, importing trimmer models from Sweden, Italy, England and America. By the late 60s, the modeling world had shed its Bardot hips in favor of slim, boyish bods, with models Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy leading the way† (Lloyd). Twiggy, a high fashion model of the 60’s, joined the fashion industry at 16 and is commonly blamed for the revolution of stick-thin models. Even though skinny became all the rage, not every designer wanted stick figures. â€Å"Avant-gardist Andrà © Courrà ¨ges preferred curvy girls to show off his (†¦) designs. He did not ‘care about their measurements or their weight,’ according to a 1967 Vogue interview. When the interviewer inquired whether he had ever asked a model to lose weight, he said he ‘often ask[ed] them to gain weight.’ The always-prescient Courrà ¨ges paved the way for more voluptuous models, with supermodels Christie Brinkley, Cindy Crawford and Brooke Shields emerging onto the scene in the 70s and 80s.† (Lloyd) The era of fit, curvy models remained strong into the 90’s with supermodels like Claudia Schiffer, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington storming the runways and covering the pages of Vogue, Elle and Harper’s Bazaar. Lloyd claims, it was only when Kate Moss ushered in a new wave of waifishness as the poster child for heroin chic that curves once again fell out of fashion. Idolizing models like Brazilian beauty Gisele Bundchen, a Victoria’s Secret model with remarkable voluptuous curves, became a short-lived fad, replaced by girls with no hips. â€Å"In the mid-2000s, Gemma Ward, the youngest model ever to grace the cover of Vogue, ushered in the era of gaunt models. Draping fabrics and billowy silhouettes hung on these skeletal girls as thoug h on showroom racks. Like a dysfunctional family secret, the fashion world refused to recognize that the industry ideal was abetting anorexia. In 2006, it took the deaths of Luisel Ramos, a 22-year-old Uruguayan model who subsisted on lettuce leaves and Diet Coke, and Brazilian model Ana Carolina Reston, for the industry to take notice† (Lloyd). Quickly following their deaths, Milan set a minimum weight requirement, Madrid established a minimum BMI, and the Council of Fashion Designers of America issued guidelines to help designers recognize eating disorders and weight issues of their models. These requirements and guidelines are â€Å"a promising step in the right direction (†¦) to real change. But it is worth noting that the guidelines only apply directly to runway models, leaving magazine shoots, advertisements and other fashion media untouched. Can the fight for healthier models be won if only fought on one front?† (Krupnick). The Weight Standard Would Be Beneficial For: Model’s Health Most runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia, according to an editorial pictorial in the January issue of PLUS model magazine. Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8 percent less than the average woman. Today, she weighs 23 percent less, it said. When asked for its source, the magazine cited the website of Rader Programs, which treats those with eating disorders. Keeping up with the grueling world of the fashion industry is a difficult task. Most models feel as if the only way to compete and keep their spot in the industry is to stay below a certain weight or maintain a particular look. Some models don’t even recognize that once they are below the healthy Body Mass Index for their age group, it is extremely harmful to their health. Doctors say adult women that are â€Å"underweight (BMI less than 18.5) may be malnourished and develop digestive system issues, certain types of cancer, depression, type 2 diabetes, etc.† (â€Å"Body Mass Index†). For a model, looks seem to be everything, creating many issues concerning models and their way of losing weight. A huge majority of models develop eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binging disorders that can truly harm them. These dramatic ways of losing weight can have serious consequences, even as severe as death. By creating a weight standard, it would give models more room to be a bigger size and therefore be accepted because of it. It would also help in stopping the uncontrollable amount of eating disorders models have in the fashion industry. Many feel that a minimum model weight is discrimination against those who are naturally thin and not taking drastic measures to make themselves that way. Others say it is a profession that involves high risk to your health, which is the model’s life choice to make and not the client’s. Supporters also face the predicament of how to determine what the weight standard should be, since everyone has a different combination of body chemistry and height. It is true that models that are naturally thin could feel attacked when weight standards are enacted, but it is more important to ensure safety of models’ health and improve the physical standard in which young women look up to. It is also true that it is the decision of the model to risk their health, but if standards were established then models could feel accepted even at a heavier weight. Since everyone has a different body chemistry and height, standards would involve BMI (Body Mass Index), a system that measures both weight and height to determine how underweight or overweight one’s body is. The Health Of The Viewers

Understand the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic

Understand the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic The word organic means something very different in chemistry than it does when youre talking about produce and food. Organic compounds and inorganic compounds form the basis of  chemistry.  The primary difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, nearly all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds. Note, containing carbon is not sufficient for a compound to be considered organic! Look for both carbon and hydrogen. Did You Know? Organic and inorganic chemistry are two of the main disciplines of chemistry. An organic chemist studies organic molecules and reactions, while an inorganic chemistry focuses on inorganic reactions. Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These include nucleic acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and hydrocarbon fuels. All organic molecules contain carbon, nearly all contain hydrogen, and many also contain oxygen. DNAtable sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11benzene, C6H6methane, CH4ethanol or grain alcohol, C2H6O Examples of Inorganic Compounds Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from single elements and any other compounds that dont contain carbon bonded to hydrogen. Some inorganic molecules do, in fact, contain carbon. table salt or sodium chloride, NaClcarbon dioxide, CO2diamond (pure carbon)silversulfur Organic Compounds Without  C-H Bonds Few organic compounds dont contain carbons of these exceptions include: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)urea [CO(NH2)2] Organic Compounds and Life While most organic compounds encountered in chemistry are produced by living organisms, its possible for the molecules to form through other processes. For example, when scientists talk about organic molecules discovered on Pluto, this doesnt mean there are aliens on the world. Solar radiation can provide energy to produce organic compounds from inorganic carbon compounds.

Williams Name Meaning and Origin

Williams Name Meaning and Origin The common Welsh patronymic last name Williams has several possible origins: Son or descendant of Guillemin, a pet form of Guillaume, the French form of William.From the Belgic guild-helm, meaning harnessed with a gilded helmet or  welhelm, the shield or defense of many.Derived from the given name William, an Old French given name with Germanic elements: wil desire, will and helm helmet, protection. In Wales, adding an s to the end of a surname denotes son of, pointing to Wales as the origin of many people with the Williams surname. The Williams surname is also popular in countries such as England, Scotland and Germany. Williams is the third most popular surname in the United States, Great Britain and Australia. Williams Name Origin:  English, Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings:  WILLIAM, WILLIMON, WILLIMAN, WILLIAMSON, WILCOX, MACWILLIAMS, MCWILLIAMS, WILLIHELM, WILLELM Fun Facts About the Williams Surname The last man killed in the U.S. Civil War was Private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was killed in the battle of Palmetto Ranch, Texas, on May 13, 1865, a month after Lees surrender. Famous People with the Surname Williams? Thomas Lanier Tennessee Williams - American playwright who won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire (1948) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955).Hiram Hank Williams - American country music legend, credited with pioneering honky tonk.Robin Williams - American comedian and actorRoger Williams - Founder of Rhode Island Genealogy Resources for the Surname Williams 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Common English Surnames Their MeaningsWilliams is the 3rd most popular surname in Great Britain. Most Common Australian Surnames Their MeaningsWilliams is 3rd on this list of the most commonly occurring surnames in Australia, which includes details on each names origin and meaning. Williams Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Williams family crest or coat of arms for the Williams surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Williams DNA ProjectThe Williams DNA project has over 535 participants making it the 2nd largest surname DNA project in the world. The Web site includes Williams records from around the world as well. Descendants of William WilliamsA genealogy of the descendants of William Williams (1778-1857) from Pittsylvania County, Virginia. FamilySearch - Williams GenealogyExplore over 29 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Williams surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Williams Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Taft surname. Post a query about your own Taft ancestors, or search or browse the mailing list archives. DistantCousin.com - Williams Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Williams. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Submit a Personal Statement of 150500 words (maximum) that highlights Essay

Submit a Personal Statement of 150500 words (maximum) that highlights your leadership achievements or significant service contributions to your high school o - Essay Example This aided people to find books of interest and informed them of activities that occurred in the library. Teaching young people to read opened the joy of reading to them, as well as contributing to their overall learning process. . In helping children find the joy of reading, I was able to introduce them to a hobby that can last a lifetime and enrich a person immeasurably. Another contribution to my community involved helping to clean up the roads. By participating in the road cleanup, I was able to help maintain a safe environment that people in our community have been able to enjoy. Put simply, a clean environment is one that is easier to enjoy. As an active member of my church community, I help in maintaining the physical beauty as well as trying to nurture the religious aspects of the congregation. When I helped to restore my church, I was not only doing so out of the good will of my heart, but I also had in mind the many people who will be able to experience the same joy that I do when I attend my church. Not only did I help in renovating the building, but I was also able to teach young children about the church's founding as well as the biblical history of my religion. By participating in such service contributions, I was not only able to retain the faith in my religion for many people, but also bring new people into my faith. Community Service is not only

Frank Lloyd Wright's Hanna House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frank Lloyd Wright's Hanna House - Essay Example Architects have delivered their inputs towards achieving tremendous structures that do not only offer purpose, but also meet the expectations placed on the outlook of the structure. Architects have applied the principles used to achieve stability in a structure, and incorporated them with design principles that uphold design. Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959 was an architect who applied the required components in his designs to achieve a consistency required to create an identity in his designs. The American architect and Interior designer based his concepts in designing structures that incorporated human comfort with the environmental features. His philosophy, later appreciated as organic architecture led to the advancement of a school of technique identified today as Usonian style (Twombly 270). He applied the concept in the early 30s in times when economic recession was at its peak to apply affordable materials to apply his skill. His structures were based on the need to deliver social tran sformation that humanity had learnt to appreciate. Of his famous structures stand the Hanna House situated at Stanford University in San Francisco. The design of the structure was unique because it was amongst the first structures that he completed and lacked rectangular forms. This paper highlights Frank Lloyd’s Hanna House in San Francisco with the concepts he applied its completion and significance. Concepts and style applied The Usonian house concept applied in the Hanna House had distinctive features that could be related to the structure (Wright, Mumford, Pfiffer and Wojtowicz 188). These structures were erected on gridded concrete with sandwich walls containing layers of wood pieces and building papers, contrary to the framed walls. The outstanding feature was flat roofs, mostly devoid of basements. An additional feature within the structures included small kitchen spaces situated to be adjoining the dining. Hanna House situated at the Stanford University has gained a reference to the Honeycomb building. This name was generated due to its outstanding features that employed hexagonal unit adapted by Wright from his octagonal building style. Purpose, contents and materials used The construction of the building began in 1937, and it saw its expansion in the next 25 years. The hexagonal design it applied gave a plan featuring six sided angled at 120-degrees to integrate the house with its setting witnessed in a sloping typographic form. Wright had designed the premise for Paul Hanna and Jean, his wife who had been famous educators at the university (Quinan 242). The design that he had initially created was meant to be accommodated in flat terrain that failed to meet its target. The structure of the building and he design incorporated in its completion led to the identity of its architect, Wright into a renowned American architect, and the building’s rank raised to be a National Historic Landmark. The distinction by Wright to develop a structur e that included a peculiar setting to deter from the recognized rectangular plan (Langmead 218). This had come at a time when the concept alter the dimension of the structure and incorporate stability that would ensure a unique building completion. The applied material to complete the structure was witnessed in the wooden finish that Hanna house depicted. Wright had applied the term Wooden House to call his invention, but the material applied on close inspection included red brick incorporated with

Comparison & Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comparison & Contrast - Essay Example The Play Intense cologne, on the other hand, is created using fragrances from patchouli, mandarin, bergamot, vetyver, coffee flower, Tonka bean, Caribbean Amyris wood, and pink pepper. This creates a strong, dynamic, and a little offbeat essence that can be worn to momentous events. Both of these brands of cologne contain mandarin orange and bergamot, which gives them a citrus scent. However, Play Intense has a milder citrus scent as compared to Play. The stronger citrus scent in the latter may be attributed to the added presence of grapefruit and bitter orange aside from the mandarin orange contained within it. The smell of Amyris wood is much stronger in Play Intense that in Play. Moreover, the Tonka bean, which is not a fragrance present in Play, can be noticed in Play Intense. Both of these brands of cologne contain vetyver and patchouli, which gives them a woody, earthy, and herbal scent. The patchouli also contributes an exotic and musky scent for both Play and Play Intense. The Play brand has an aroma of black pepper while Play Intense has the pink pepper aroma. In Play intense, the pink pepper provides a mild, pleasantly, sweet fruity, scent with a bit of spicy whiff in it. One would say that Play Intense strengthens the woodsy side of the cologne while toning down the citrus essence. Play, on the other hand, tones down the woodsy side and instead intensifies the citrus aroma. Play Intense is categorized as oriental-spicy while Play is categorized as citrus-fruity. These two colognes are similar in scent strength because both of them are considered to have a moderate fragrance. The target market of Play is college students or those males who are between the ages of 17 and 30. In contrast, Play Intense is targeted towards those males who are more mature, their age ranging from 30 onwards. Therefore, it can be

Post-16 option Essay Example for Free

Post-16 option Essay POST 16 – OPTIONS Post 16 options are given to young people and adults after they finish year 11 from school. Each post-16 option offers you different qualification opportunities and a different mix of teaching methods and assessment. Post 16 options comprises on: STUDY FULLL TIME 6th form or college Take up an Apprenticeship, Traineeship or Supported internship Take a part-time education or training course if you are employed or volunteer for more than 20 hours per week STUDY FULL TIME Schools, colleges and training providers offer a range of subjects and courses in which a student can study full-time. It normally requires to have at least five GCSEs at grades A* to C and at least grade B in any specific subjects one chooses. 6TH FORM COLLEGES A sixth form college is an educational institution in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, where students aged 16 to 19 typically study for advanced school-level qualifications, such as A-levels, BTEC and the International Baccalaureate Diploma, or school-level qualifications such as GCSEs. In England and Wales, education is only compulsory until the end of year 11, the school year in which the pupil turns 16 (although this is changing in August 2013 to compulsory education until year 12 and by 2015, education will be compulsory until year 13) In the English and Welsh state educational systems, those wishing to continue may either stay on at a secondary school with an attached sixth form, transfer to a local sixth form college, or go to a more vocational further education college, although, depending on geographical location, there may be little choice as to which of these options can be taken. In the independent sector, sixth forms are an integral part of secondary schools (public s chools), and there is also a number of smaller-scale independent sixth form colleges. Students at Sixth Form College typically study for two years. Some students sit AS examinations at the end of the first year, and A-level examinations at the end of the  second. In addition, in recent years a variety of vocational courses have been added to the curriculum. There are currently over 90 sixth form colleges in operation in England and Wales. Most perform extremely well in national examination league tables. In addition, they offer a broader range of courses at a lower cost per student than most school sixth forms. In a few areas, authorities run sixth form schools which function like sixth form colleges but are completely under the control of the local education authorities. Unlike further education colleges, sixth form colleges rarely accept part-time students or run evening classes[citation needed], although one boarding sixth form college exists. Take up an Traineeship, Apprenticeship or Supported internship Traineeship It makes one get ready for work or for doing an Apprenticeship. They last from six weeks to six months and provide essential work preparation training, literacy and numeracy skills and work experience to get an Apprenticeship or other job. Apprenticeship In an apprentice ship one has to work for an employer and train to do a specific job at the s Apprenticeships at three levels: a, Apprenticeship b, Advanced Apprenticeship c, Higher Apprenticeships Entry requirements for these apprenticeships is one must be 16 or over, living in England and not in full-time education. There are now nearly 200 types of Apprenticeship from engineering to boat building, veterinary nursing to accountancy. Options depend on experience and what is available locally. There is no set time for completing an apprenticeship. Most take between one and four years, depending on the level of learning capabilities. As well as working alongside and learning from experienced staff, there will be off-the-job training, usually on a day-release basis at a local college or specialist training facility. The qualifications will be a study for a work-based qualification at level 2, 3 or 4, a technical certificate relevant to to the subject chosen occupation, such as BTEC or City Guilds award and Functional Skills qualifications. More studies included for certificates or other qualifications that are required in chosen occupation. Assessment includes a mix of observation by an assessor, the assessment of a  portfolio of evidence and examinations. Supported internship Just for students with learning difficulties or learning disabilities who want to get a job and need extra support to do this. They last for at least six months and are unpaid. Work experience and an employer trains students to do a job role. Students also get to study for qualifications or other courses to get ready to take up a job. Work or volunteer while studying or training part-time It is a combined training or studying for a qualification and work at the same time. It doesn’t have to be a paid job, student can volunteer on a project or with a charity, or get a work-experience placement in a career or job area that interests them. Colleges and training providers offer a wide range of training courses which are part-time including A levels and work-related qualifications like BTECs or NVQs. BTEC’s- are usually studied at school or college they are work based qualifications that are a mix between practical and theory and some work experience. NVQ’s- these can be taken either at school/college, through a placement or in the work place.