Occupational Theory And Well Being

Occupational Theory And Well Being This discussion will be looking at the health needs of an individual and impact these have on health, illness and well-being, in relation to occupational therapy. Firstly it will look at the individual, identifying key aspects of their health and wellbeing. Then it will focus on Occupational therapy, looking at the impact occupational therapy can have on health and well-being. There are 2 appendices attached to enhance the readers knowledge but are not essential to the discussion. It will be set out as an assignment with clear headings. Nathan Como This discussion will be focusing on a 45 year old man called Nathan. He is a first generation British National; his parents were born in Trinidad. In 1984 Nathan married and had a baby. Nathans wife left him, and the baby, when they baby was one. Nathan was unable to cope, went to his doctor and was given antipsychotic medication. He was later diagnosed with schizophrenia (see appendix 1). A few years later, Nathan noticed he was struggling to breathe so went to his general practitioner (GP) who diagnosed him with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (see appendix 2). Nathan is an active smoker and has been since he was young. Nathan has not had a steady job since young but does work to support his family. Nathan was never a particularly social man but did begin to take part in the community when his son was young and his neighbors were regular babysitters. This discussion will focus on the impacts of changes to ones health needs and the effect this has on their occupational balance. Occupational Therapy There are various versions on the definition of occupational therapy. The world federation of occupational therapists (WFOT, 2004) defines occupational therapy as a profession concerned with promoting health and wellbeing through occupation. An occupational therapist views the participation in occupations as stimulating for an individuals health and wellbeing (Wilcock, 1993). It is important to remember that although occupations are often assumed to be healthy or productive this is not always the case as: binge drinking, smoking and risky sports, can all be described as occupations; these could all have a detrimental effect on ones health and wellbeing. It can be concluded that without the ability to complete occupations it can then be assumed that a person will not lead a healthy or productive life. Occupational therapists aim to identify an individuals occupational identity. This can be described as who the individual sees themselves as and who they would like to aim to be (Duncan, 2006). People all have a different view of who they are and how they see themselves within a community. This is important for occupational therapists to establish as each client they meet with will have a different occupational identity (another reference). Additionally it is core to an occupational therapist to establish the individuals occupational performance. This has been defined as some kind of purposeful and goal directed activity (Crabtree, 2003) or Duncan (2006) defines occupational performance as what his or her (the individual) physical, cognitive and social abilities are. Crabtrees (2003) definition of occupational performance includes the words purposeful activity. There is a great debate among occupational therapists as to the meaning behind purposeful activity (and if this indeed the r ight word to be used in a definition). A purposeful activity to one person may not be the same to someone else. For Nathan, carrying out simple everyday tasks may be difficult due to his breathing, so a purposeful task may be to have a shower independently. For others a shower may just be seen as a basic human need and not purposeful at all. It is all based upon the individual and what it means to them. When a person develops an illness there occupational balance can be disturbed and they need to re-adjust their lives to ensure they continue to have an occupational balance. Occupational balance can be defined as a combination of self-care, play, work and rest (Wilcock et al, 1997) or self-care, productivity and leisure (Le Boutillier and Croucher, 2010). Additionally that it is through occupations that a healthy physical and mental wellbeing is obtained (Wilcock et al, 1997). The college of occupational therapy (COT), 2006 suggests that individuals have a built in drive and need to be active and to partake in occupations. Occupation is central to the existence of individuals, groups and communities COT, 2006. Without occupations people would never reach the potentials within themselves or the world, (Wilcock, 1993). The COT report that if people are deprived of activity or have limited access to a wide variety of occupations both their physical and psychological health will suffer. Children take part in occupations largely to learn and develop whereas adults complete occupations to contribute to the community and to be rewarded for their contribution. It can be very important to some that they establish a role for themselves. For Nathan his roles within his life have developed and changed. He was a husband for a short time, a father to Saul, but this was partially shared with his neighbours. It is reported by the COT, 2006 that the older generation use occupations to support their independence and to give them a role within a community or society. Maintaining a routine of occupations, that, have meaning to an individual, can provide a structure and sense of purpose and direction to life to an individual. Irrelevant of disability/disease an individual can carry out a routine which can provide fee lings of identity, normality and wellbeing. Therefore any disruption to the routine thanks to illness, injury or environmental challenges can lead to dissatisfaction, disorientation and distress for the individual. Occupation is, therefore, essential for good mental health and wellbeing COT, 2006. When a person is unable to engage in occupation, whether due to personal, social or environmental factors, the occupational therapist works with her or him to develop skills, challenge inequalities and promote social inclusion COT, 2006. Occupational therapists believe that occupational competency (another reference) in everyday activities depends on the interaction between the individual; their occupations (the things they do) and the individuals environment. It has been reported that an individuals wellbeing is directly related to the quality of this interaction. Duncan (2006) reports that when an individual is temporarily or permanently unable to relate or engage in the roles, relationships and certain occupations expected of someone of a similar age and sex; within a particular culture, it can be assumed the individual has an occupational dysfunction. Kielhofner, 2009, states that occupational dysfunction occurs when an individual does not have the capacity to choose, perform or organise occupations or the ability to choose a pattern of occupational behavior that facilitates a quality of life. How would an Occupational Therapist Assess and choose interventions for Nathan? Reed and Sanderson (1999) report that there are 7 key reasons why occupational therapists should use models and the advantages of a model based practice. Models provide a link between theory and practice, define and focus the area of interest for the OT, provide a framework for assessment, intervention and evaluation, contribute to a sound philosophical basis, use of common vocabulary to communicate ideas, provides a professional unity and the use of common themes throughout all models; such as concern for the individual, the value of human occupation and looking at an individual holistically. Although models give a good grounding and starting point for occupational therapists, it is important to remember they are just that; a starting point. They do not include details on every aspect or outcome that may occur and they assume a basic knowledge of the key attributes expected of an occupational therapist. Models are used to guide practice but not to dictate. Models are sometimes used as the boundaries of the occupational therapy intervention, as practitioners come across new patients with varying conditions and they may not fit neatly into an existing model. It is important for an occupational therapist to note that models are inclusive not exclusive and in these cases the practitioner should be experienced enough to notice the need to perhaps adapt a model or develop a new one. An occupational therapist should also be mindful of models become out of date as practice is evolving all the time so using an old model may result in out of date practice (Feaver and Creek, 1993). Kielhofner (2009) discusses the Model of Human Occupation, within which he reports that volition (what values an individual has, the interests an individual finds satisfying and how an individual is able to interact within the world) leads to the choice of occupational activities (functional and dysfunctional occupations). If an individual has a mental health problem it may contribute to the i ndividual being unable to assess their personal interaction within the world and may result in a change in how a person interacts within the world (Crist et al, 2000); resulting in a change in their occupations. Nathan has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, as a result his views and how he is viewed within society has changed. There is a lot of stigma and stereotypes related to schizophrenia, a study by Angermeyer and Matschinger (2004) looked at the stereotypes a person with schizophrenia experiences. They concluded that the most common are people believing they are incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous. As a result individuals with mental health illnesses find themselves socially excluded, with no one to turn to. For an individual such as Nathan who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia but has been receiving successful treatment for a number of years, this could be extremely frustrating. Morgan (2007) reports that people with mental health illnesses are the most excluded population. This statement is also supported by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010). The definition of social inclusion is a debated one, it is highly inconsistent and comes with ambiguity. A report by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) argues that social inclusion is more than just engaging in community activity within the physical presence, as this doesnt necessarily imply that the individual feels included. Nathan began to attend community activities when his son was younger thanks to a family who would regularly babysit for him. They encouraged him to attend the local church and also become more involved within the community. It can be argued that although Nathan was actively involved in the community for a short while did he really feel included? The media portray schizophrenia in a bad light only highlighting the bad symptoms (mentioned earlier being incompetent, unpredictable and also dangerous) and not addressing the positive ones or identifying that it is a manageable illness. As a result it is often recorded that not only is it a stereotype of the individual s who do not suffer from a mental health illness but also it is often the individuals with the illness who feel they are incapable to socialising with others and being involved for fear of how they may react. Individuals feel fear and rejection, as a result of their mental illness, and lack a sense of connection and belonging. Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) also identify that individuals who are not socially active within their community still may feel socially included, again emphasising the fact that it is not just physically attending community activities which can cause an individual to feel included. Other authors report social inclusion as being the ability of an individual to fit into a community by conforming to its traditional values of housing, education and employment (Lloyd et al 2006). Others refer to social inclusion including the social, psychological and physical components but emphasising the individuals sense of belonging and the importance of a support network (Labonte, 2004). However Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that feeling socially included must also include personal meaning, an individual should feel involved and feel connected to the community, not just simply an individual physically engaging within the community. Therefore all these views indicate that how the individual perceives themselves within a community will determine whether they view themselves as socially included; it is highly individual. From this information it would be hard to conclude as to whether Nathan was feeling socially excluded as it is an individual view. An occupational therapist would need to conclude with their service user what their view of social inclusion means to their specific environment. A study by Le Boutillier and Croucher (2010) report that the occupational aspects associated with social inclusion are; self care, leisure, productivity, occupational deprivation, occupational alienation, occupational balance, habits, roles routines an d occupational performance. It states that all these aspects help an individual to feel more socially included or may cause them to feel isolated depending. For occupational therapists, the three main occupational performance areas are self-care, leisure and productivity (work). A study completed by Moyer (2000) looked at the impact of work for individuals with mental health illnesses. He looked at work as a means of integrating into a community, not just as an income as work can be voluntary or within home management. He identified that work helps to develop a persons confidence, identity and self-esteem. It also establishes a role for the person within a community. Nathan has not had a stable job since he left school but has been working constantly. The reasons behind his nomadic style are not clear but could be due to his schizophrenia and the social exclusion he receives when colleagues, employers or customers discover his illness. It has also been recently discussed by Sweetsur, 2009 that many individuals with a mental health illness are seen to be critically ill and are not seen as people who are able to carry out work when well. S weetsur, 2009 also suggests that mental health institutions are not promoting people back to work or encouraging them to better themselves. If the people working with and for individuals with mental health illnesses are not promoting work then it is not surprising that society has the view that people with mental health problems are incapable of working. If an individual is not working they will not be fulfilling the productivity aspect to ensure they have occupational balance. Conclusion From the above information it is clear to conclude that one key trend throughout this discussion is the prominence of client centred practice. The fact that every individual is different and there is no clear definition, model or practice that will fit two clients. Using this information it is very hard to establish Nathans particular health needs as the information provided is limited. Assumptions would need to be made in all aspects of his life. It is clear from the above that occupational therapists believe to ensure an individual is healthy they should partake in occupations which are purposeful and meaningful to the individual. When an individual becomes injured, has a disability or something affects their environment resulting in them no longer being able to partake in occupations it causes an occupational dysfunction. Occupational therapists use models to help asses and implement plans for the individual although it is essential that the practitioner understands the limitations of models. References Angermeyer M and Matschinger H (2004) The Stereotype of Schizophrenia and Its impact on Discrimination Against People With Schizophrenia: Results From a Representative Survey in Germany. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30(4) 1049-1061. Accessed 03.11.10 via http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/4/1049.full.pdf Boyer G, Hachey R and Mercier, C (2000) Perceptions of Occupational Performance and Subjective Quality of Life in Persons with Severe Mental Illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health,15(2)1-15. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0eb.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5hid=105sid=89328e11-b7d8-4de4-97ad-93b4e1890459%40sessionmgr104 Cao V, Chung C, Ferreira A, Nelken J, Brooks D and Cott C (2010) Changes in Activities of Wives Caring for Their Husbands Following Stroke. Physiotherapy Canada, 62 (1) 35-43. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=10hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 College of Occupational Therapists (2006) Recovering ordinary lives: the strategy for occupational therapy in mental health services 2007-2017. London: COT. Accessed 01.11.10 via http://www.cot.co.uk/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/ROL_Vision_2010.pdf Crabtree J (2003) Occupational Performance. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 17(2), 1-18 Creek J (2010) The core concepts of occupational therapy: A dynamic Framework for practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Crist P, Davis, C and Coffin, P (2000) The Effects of Employment and Mental Health Status on the Balance of Work, Play/Leisure, Self-Care, and Rest. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 15(1), 27-42 Duncan E (2002) Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy. Elsevier Ltd, London. Feaver S and Creek J (1993) Models for practice in occupational therapy. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 56(2) 59-62. Gronkiewicz C and Borkgren-Okonek M (2004) Acute exacerbation of COPD: nursing application of evidence-based guidelines. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 27(4), 336-352. Honey A (1999) Empowerment versus power: Consumer participation in mental health services. Occupational Therapy International, 6(4), 257-276 Kielhofner, G (2009) Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy Practice. F.A. Davis Company. Philadelphia, USA Labonte R (2004) Social inclusion/exclusion: dancing the dialectic. Health Promotion International, 19(9), 115-21. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/1/115.full Le Boutillier, C. Croucher, A. (2010) Social Inclusion and Mental Health, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(3) pp.136 139 Lloyd C, Tse S, Deane FP (2006) Community participation and social inclusion: how practitioners can make a difference. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 5(3) Accessed 02.11.10 via http://www.qldalliance.org.au/resources/items/2009/09/294410-upload-00001.pdf Lloyd C, Waghorn G, Williams PL (2008) Conceptualising recovery in mental health rehabilitation. British Journal of Occupational Therapy,71(8), 321-28 Molineux M (2004) Occupation for Occupational Therapists. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=-UeXMIL3B0Coi=fndpg=PR9dq=Molineux+social+exclusionots=-HzrxHwTFmsig=C1vzJYcR7HY6IcdicghK5D5aQAI#v=onepageq=Molineux%20social%20exclusionf=false Morgan C, Burns T, Fitzpatrick M, Pinfold V and Priebe S (2007) Social exclusion and mental health Conceptual and methodological review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 477-483. Retrieved 01.11.10 from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/191/6/477 Petty T (2000) COPD: interventions for smoking cessation and improved ventilatory function. Geriatrics, 55(12), 30. Reed K and Sanderson S (1999) Concepts of Occupational therapy (4th Ed). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Maryland, Usa. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=1ZE47g_IRTwCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=occupational+therapy+modelsots=sJkzgUie_Psig=6z3WRZ5AlTAfifSKZqPkkkO_n68#v=onepageq=occupational%20therapy%20modelsf=false Reilly M (1962) Occupational Therapy Can Be One Of the Great Ideas of 20th Century Medicine. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16 (1) 87-105. Accessed 16.10.11 via http://moodle.essex.ac.uk/file.php/1640/future_OT.pdf Schermer T, Weel C, Barten F et al. (2008). Prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care. Quality in Primary Care. 16 (5), p363-377. Sweetsur D (2009) Schizophrenia and the work ethic: is it time to stop thinking and start doing? Mental Health Occupational Therapy, 14 (3) 106-107 WFOT (2004) What is OT? Retrieved 13-10-2010 from: http://www.wfot.org/information.asp Wilcock A (1993) A theory of the human need for occupation. Occupational Science: Austrialia, 1 (1) 17-24 Wilcock A, Chelin M, Hall M, Hamley N, Morrison B, Scrivener L, Townsend M and Treen K (1997) The relationship between occupational balance and health: A pilot study Occupational Therapy International, 4(1), 17-30. Accessed 02.11.10 via http://0-web.ebscohost.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/ehost/detail?vid=11hid=109sid=416f83bf-4f0b-4fbf-8f04-2db73ffdc44c%40sessionmgr111 Yuil C, Crinson I and Duncan E (2010) Key Concepts in Health Studies. SAGE Publications Ltd. London. Accessed 04.10.10 via http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49397/49397.pdf Appendix 1 Schizophrenia When someone believes untrue things about their cultural society and has considered to have lost touch with reality they are generally diagnosed with a form of psychosis such as schizophrenia (Morrison et al 2008). Psychosis itself is a persons belief in events in reality that are imaginary or unreal (NHS, 2010). Individuals who develop schizophrenia are will never be the same as another schizophrenic as they all bring their own individual experiences and symptoms (NICE,2010).Other mental illness involve psychosis, but what separates schizophrenia from bipolar disorder (a.k.a manic depression) for instance, is that the patients problems are not centred exclusively around their mood (Morrison et al 2008). Schizophrenics may also, believe that they have great powers and abilities (Morrison et al 2008), have strange changes in behaviour or find it difficult to concentrate even on everyday tasks (NHS, 2010). It is quite possible that Nathan could be further diagnosed as having paranoid s chizophrenia as his symptoms largely relate to this form of psychosis. Negative symptoms for the illness also exist such as low mood and being social withdrawn (NHS, 2010). There is some confliction within literature as it seems that personal and professional ideas differ with regards to recovery from schizophrenia (Rethink 2010). Professionals may view recovery as completely overcoming the symptoms of the illness, most patients, carers and some organisations try to view recovery in terms of achieving personal goals and targets such as returning to work or having an active social life (Rethink 2010 Morrison et al 2008). While some research suggests that some patients do make a full recovery (but often over very long periods of time), there is still variation between individuals and it is not the case for everyone (Morriosn et al 2008). For these individuals, finding ways of managing their illness through medication and therapy in order to rebuild their lives to a level that they can cope with, gives them and their carers their own personal sense of recovery (Morrison et al 2008). NICE, 2010 report that inequalities in mental health services are common and especially for clients from Afro-Caribbean origins to access UK services.

Marketing the Target Audience :: Clothing Retail Advertising Advertisements Essays

Marketing the Target Audience It was another day shopping for clothes, nothing new, in fact I thought I was going to get something here and there, look else where and go home. As I was walking through a mall, I stumbled upon a store that I thought looked cool and casual. I thought to myself anything that was interesting enough to catch my eyes, had to be investigated thoroughly. As soon, as I walked in I new that I could easily begin to shop at the store for certain things I needed. Buckle is a clothing store that shares its store by selling Lucky Brand clothing. Now many people may disagree on the prices that are set on the clothing, however, in a society where being cool and individualism is valued, Buckle is the place to go. Interested in wanting to see what more the clothing line had to offer, I visited the Buckle website, noticing that everything seems to fit in place and markets what it is supposed to very well. The clothing line is for young men and women who want a change from their old sho pping outlets to a more exciting, fun, cool and casual store. In the next pages we’ll explore what Buckle and Lucky Brand have in store for today’s youth and why it is marketed well. Buckle and Lucky Brand are the product’s manufacturer and distributor. Young, middle class, men and women who are cool and spontaneous seems to be the main stream of consumers for the brands. The website is mainly focused on traditional American patriotism for the modern youth. The website, clothes and stores generally emphasize that in order for one to be cool, one must buy their merchandise. Luck Brand Dungarees are a perfect example of claiming to dominate the world of quality jeans. The word â€Å"dungaree† means a pair of sturdy, durable, twill-weave of cotton fabric made into jeans. Written on the dungarees (and on the website) are the Lucky Brand slogans â€Å"Americas Favorite† and â€Å"Wear us, be lucky†. I bought two pair of jeans recently, on the inseam of the zippers is the phrase â€Å"Lucky You† and I also found a strip of paper that once again notes that if the customer wears the jeans, he/she will be lucky.

Should Models Have a Minimum Weight? Essay

What The Size of Models Really Promotes Models over the past decades have become noticeably thinner and thinner creating an ongoing debate: Are models becoming too thin? For a recent example, Bethaney Wallace, a teenage model, dies at the age of 19 from starving herself to death, all for the sole purpose of selling clothes. Model deaths are one of the many reasons that have caused the fashion industry to discuss implementation of a minimum model weight standard. This issue has been in debate for a long time now, but standards have never been enacted. Most people would do anything for a job they loved, including purging, starving, and excessive exercising. But when there’s no line drawn, how does someone know when enough is enough? Not only is the idea of ‘thin is beautiful’ hurting models, but it is also damaging the frail body images of most young girls. We unfortunately live in a world where fashion is promoting an unhealthy image for young women to aspire to, but with a set of standards this could cr eate progress for a change. Because the majority of models in today’s society are unreasonably thin, and because media images are a major factor in girls’ images of themselves, a weight standard should be set for models to promote better body image for themselves and other girls. BACKGROUND The evolution of fashion models is vast if comparing the size of the models. Surprisingly, the fashion industry wasn’t always obsessed with caloric intake and the size of models that stomped the catwalk. â€Å"Addressing her fellow beauties on the matter of their ample cabooses, newly elected president of the Model’s Mutual Aid Society, Lucy â€Å"Lucky† Janishevski, admonished her sisters to lay down their baguettes and wage a war on calories to keep their figures svelte and their jobs secure. After all, the slender Brits and Americans were rapidly invading French fashion territory. In a news report issued by the North American Newspaper Alliance, published on this day in 1957, Lucky recommended a reducing regimen of exercise, carrot juice, and a ‘microscopic slice of dry toast’† (Lloyd). â€Å"Lucky† was one of the first woman to suggest an unhealthy guideline for models to follow in France. â€Å"Lucky and a former American model, D orian  Leigh, established the first successful modeling agency in Paris, importing trimmer models from Sweden, Italy, England and America. By the late 60s, the modeling world had shed its Bardot hips in favor of slim, boyish bods, with models Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy leading the way† (Lloyd). Twiggy, a high fashion model of the 60’s, joined the fashion industry at 16 and is commonly blamed for the revolution of stick-thin models. Even though skinny became all the rage, not every designer wanted stick figures. â€Å"Avant-gardist Andrà © Courrà ¨ges preferred curvy girls to show off his (†¦) designs. He did not ‘care about their measurements or their weight,’ according to a 1967 Vogue interview. When the interviewer inquired whether he had ever asked a model to lose weight, he said he ‘often ask[ed] them to gain weight.’ The always-prescient Courrà ¨ges paved the way for more voluptuous models, with supermodels Christie Brinkley, Cindy Crawford and Brooke Shields emerging onto the scene in the 70s and 80s.† (Lloyd) The era of fit, curvy models remained strong into the 90’s with supermodels like Claudia Schiffer, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington storming the runways and covering the pages of Vogue, Elle and Harper’s Bazaar. Lloyd claims, it was only when Kate Moss ushered in a new wave of waifishness as the poster child for heroin chic that curves once again fell out of fashion. Idolizing models like Brazilian beauty Gisele Bundchen, a Victoria’s Secret model with remarkable voluptuous curves, became a short-lived fad, replaced by girls with no hips. â€Å"In the mid-2000s, Gemma Ward, the youngest model ever to grace the cover of Vogue, ushered in the era of gaunt models. Draping fabrics and billowy silhouettes hung on these skeletal girls as thoug h on showroom racks. Like a dysfunctional family secret, the fashion world refused to recognize that the industry ideal was abetting anorexia. In 2006, it took the deaths of Luisel Ramos, a 22-year-old Uruguayan model who subsisted on lettuce leaves and Diet Coke, and Brazilian model Ana Carolina Reston, for the industry to take notice† (Lloyd). Quickly following their deaths, Milan set a minimum weight requirement, Madrid established a minimum BMI, and the Council of Fashion Designers of America issued guidelines to help designers recognize eating disorders and weight issues of their models. These requirements and guidelines are â€Å"a promising step in the right direction (†¦) to real change. But it is worth noting that the guidelines only apply directly to runway models, leaving magazine shoots, advertisements and other fashion media untouched. Can the fight for healthier models be won if only fought on one front?† (Krupnick). The Weight Standard Would Be Beneficial For: Model’s Health Most runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia, according to an editorial pictorial in the January issue of PLUS model magazine. Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8 percent less than the average woman. Today, she weighs 23 percent less, it said. When asked for its source, the magazine cited the website of Rader Programs, which treats those with eating disorders. Keeping up with the grueling world of the fashion industry is a difficult task. Most models feel as if the only way to compete and keep their spot in the industry is to stay below a certain weight or maintain a particular look. Some models don’t even recognize that once they are below the healthy Body Mass Index for their age group, it is extremely harmful to their health. Doctors say adult women that are â€Å"underweight (BMI less than 18.5) may be malnourished and develop digestive system issues, certain types of cancer, depression, type 2 diabetes, etc.† (â€Å"Body Mass Index†). For a model, looks seem to be everything, creating many issues concerning models and their way of losing weight. A huge majority of models develop eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binging disorders that can truly harm them. These dramatic ways of losing weight can have serious consequences, even as severe as death. By creating a weight standard, it would give models more room to be a bigger size and therefore be accepted because of it. It would also help in stopping the uncontrollable amount of eating disorders models have in the fashion industry. Many feel that a minimum model weight is discrimination against those who are naturally thin and not taking drastic measures to make themselves that way. Others say it is a profession that involves high risk to your health, which is the model’s life choice to make and not the client’s. Supporters also face the predicament of how to determine what the weight standard should be, since everyone has a different combination of body chemistry and height. It is true that models that are naturally thin could feel attacked when weight standards are enacted, but it is more important to ensure safety of models’ health and improve the physical standard in which young women look up to. It is also true that it is the decision of the model to risk their health, but if standards were established then models could feel accepted even at a heavier weight. Since everyone has a different body chemistry and height, standards would involve BMI (Body Mass Index), a system that measures both weight and height to determine how underweight or overweight one’s body is. The Health Of The Viewers

Understand the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic

Understand the Difference Between Organic and Inorganic The word organic means something very different in chemistry than it does when youre talking about produce and food. Organic compounds and inorganic compounds form the basis of  chemistry.  The primary difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic compounds always contain carbon while most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, nearly all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds. Note, containing carbon is not sufficient for a compound to be considered organic! Look for both carbon and hydrogen. Did You Know? Organic and inorganic chemistry are two of the main disciplines of chemistry. An organic chemist studies organic molecules and reactions, while an inorganic chemistry focuses on inorganic reactions. Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These include nucleic acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and hydrocarbon fuels. All organic molecules contain carbon, nearly all contain hydrogen, and many also contain oxygen. DNAtable sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11benzene, C6H6methane, CH4ethanol or grain alcohol, C2H6O Examples of Inorganic Compounds Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from single elements and any other compounds that dont contain carbon bonded to hydrogen. Some inorganic molecules do, in fact, contain carbon. table salt or sodium chloride, NaClcarbon dioxide, CO2diamond (pure carbon)silversulfur Organic Compounds Without  C-H Bonds Few organic compounds dont contain carbons of these exceptions include: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)urea [CO(NH2)2] Organic Compounds and Life While most organic compounds encountered in chemistry are produced by living organisms, its possible for the molecules to form through other processes. For example, when scientists talk about organic molecules discovered on Pluto, this doesnt mean there are aliens on the world. Solar radiation can provide energy to produce organic compounds from inorganic carbon compounds.

Williams Name Meaning and Origin

Williams Name Meaning and Origin The common Welsh patronymic last name Williams has several possible origins: Son or descendant of Guillemin, a pet form of Guillaume, the French form of William.From the Belgic guild-helm, meaning harnessed with a gilded helmet or  welhelm, the shield or defense of many.Derived from the given name William, an Old French given name with Germanic elements: wil desire, will and helm helmet, protection. In Wales, adding an s to the end of a surname denotes son of, pointing to Wales as the origin of many people with the Williams surname. The Williams surname is also popular in countries such as England, Scotland and Germany. Williams is the third most popular surname in the United States, Great Britain and Australia. Williams Name Origin:  English, Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings:  WILLIAM, WILLIMON, WILLIMAN, WILLIAMSON, WILCOX, MACWILLIAMS, MCWILLIAMS, WILLIHELM, WILLELM Fun Facts About the Williams Surname The last man killed in the U.S. Civil War was Private John J. Williams of the 34th Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was killed in the battle of Palmetto Ranch, Texas, on May 13, 1865, a month after Lees surrender. Famous People with the Surname Williams? Thomas Lanier Tennessee Williams - American playwright who won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire (1948) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955).Hiram Hank Williams - American country music legend, credited with pioneering honky tonk.Robin Williams - American comedian and actorRoger Williams - Founder of Rhode Island Genealogy Resources for the Surname Williams 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Common English Surnames Their MeaningsWilliams is the 3rd most popular surname in Great Britain. Most Common Australian Surnames Their MeaningsWilliams is 3rd on this list of the most commonly occurring surnames in Australia, which includes details on each names origin and meaning. Williams Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Williams family crest or coat of arms for the Williams surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Williams DNA ProjectThe Williams DNA project has over 535 participants making it the 2nd largest surname DNA project in the world. The Web site includes Williams records from around the world as well. Descendants of William WilliamsA genealogy of the descendants of William Williams (1778-1857) from Pittsylvania County, Virginia. FamilySearch - Williams GenealogyExplore over 29 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Williams surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Williams Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Taft surname. Post a query about your own Taft ancestors, or search or browse the mailing list archives. DistantCousin.com - Williams Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Williams. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Submit a Personal Statement of 150500 words (maximum) that highlights Essay

Submit a Personal Statement of 150500 words (maximum) that highlights your leadership achievements or significant service contributions to your high school o - Essay Example This aided people to find books of interest and informed them of activities that occurred in the library. Teaching young people to read opened the joy of reading to them, as well as contributing to their overall learning process. . In helping children find the joy of reading, I was able to introduce them to a hobby that can last a lifetime and enrich a person immeasurably. Another contribution to my community involved helping to clean up the roads. By participating in the road cleanup, I was able to help maintain a safe environment that people in our community have been able to enjoy. Put simply, a clean environment is one that is easier to enjoy. As an active member of my church community, I help in maintaining the physical beauty as well as trying to nurture the religious aspects of the congregation. When I helped to restore my church, I was not only doing so out of the good will of my heart, but I also had in mind the many people who will be able to experience the same joy that I do when I attend my church. Not only did I help in renovating the building, but I was also able to teach young children about the church's founding as well as the biblical history of my religion. By participating in such service contributions, I was not only able to retain the faith in my religion for many people, but also bring new people into my faith. Community Service is not only

Frank Lloyd Wright's Hanna House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frank Lloyd Wright's Hanna House - Essay Example Architects have delivered their inputs towards achieving tremendous structures that do not only offer purpose, but also meet the expectations placed on the outlook of the structure. Architects have applied the principles used to achieve stability in a structure, and incorporated them with design principles that uphold design. Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959 was an architect who applied the required components in his designs to achieve a consistency required to create an identity in his designs. The American architect and Interior designer based his concepts in designing structures that incorporated human comfort with the environmental features. His philosophy, later appreciated as organic architecture led to the advancement of a school of technique identified today as Usonian style (Twombly 270). He applied the concept in the early 30s in times when economic recession was at its peak to apply affordable materials to apply his skill. His structures were based on the need to deliver social tran sformation that humanity had learnt to appreciate. Of his famous structures stand the Hanna House situated at Stanford University in San Francisco. The design of the structure was unique because it was amongst the first structures that he completed and lacked rectangular forms. This paper highlights Frank Lloyd’s Hanna House in San Francisco with the concepts he applied its completion and significance. Concepts and style applied The Usonian house concept applied in the Hanna House had distinctive features that could be related to the structure (Wright, Mumford, Pfiffer and Wojtowicz 188). These structures were erected on gridded concrete with sandwich walls containing layers of wood pieces and building papers, contrary to the framed walls. The outstanding feature was flat roofs, mostly devoid of basements. An additional feature within the structures included small kitchen spaces situated to be adjoining the dining. Hanna House situated at the Stanford University has gained a reference to the Honeycomb building. This name was generated due to its outstanding features that employed hexagonal unit adapted by Wright from his octagonal building style. Purpose, contents and materials used The construction of the building began in 1937, and it saw its expansion in the next 25 years. The hexagonal design it applied gave a plan featuring six sided angled at 120-degrees to integrate the house with its setting witnessed in a sloping typographic form. Wright had designed the premise for Paul Hanna and Jean, his wife who had been famous educators at the university (Quinan 242). The design that he had initially created was meant to be accommodated in flat terrain that failed to meet its target. The structure of the building and he design incorporated in its completion led to the identity of its architect, Wright into a renowned American architect, and the building’s rank raised to be a National Historic Landmark. The distinction by Wright to develop a structur e that included a peculiar setting to deter from the recognized rectangular plan (Langmead 218). This had come at a time when the concept alter the dimension of the structure and incorporate stability that would ensure a unique building completion. The applied material to complete the structure was witnessed in the wooden finish that Hanna house depicted. Wright had applied the term Wooden House to call his invention, but the material applied on close inspection included red brick incorporated with